IMPACT OF FEEDBACK ON JOB PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION Essay

Effect OF FEEDBACK ON JOB PERFORMANCE AND JOB SATISFACTION - Essay Example In any case, if salary increases are connected straightforwardly to execution, a worker who gets a solid boost in compensation will more than likely likewise experience sentiments of achievement and fulfillment. Then again, input is the data individuals get about their presentation. It passes on an assessment about the nature of their presentation practices. Giving input should be possible by giving data to workers in regards to their exhibition on work desires. This makes criticism is a significant piece of the instruction procedure. For example, in the school condition, test grades let understudies recognize what they have accomplished and what they should figure out how to improve next time. Individuals at work offer criticism to strengthen others' acceptable conduct and right their poor conduct. The beneficiary of input makes a decision about its worth and decides if to acknowledge and follow up on the criticism, dismiss it, or disregard it. Input has various purposes at various vocation stages. It assists newcomers with learning the ropes, mid-profession workers to improve execution and think about open doors for advancement, and late vocation representatives to keep up their efficiency . Supervisors are a significant wellspring of criticism since they set up execution destinations and give compensations to accomplishing those targets. Different wellsprings of criticism are collaborators, subordinates, and clients (London, 2003, p. 11). The effect of input on work fulfillment could be determined in the way that it is connected to the mental gathering of a representative. Cullen and Sackett (2003) refered to Hackman and Oldham's activity qualities model that has recognized the five center errand measurements task character, task assortment, self-sufficiency, task noteworthiness, and input are found in various mental states, for example, work fulfillment and ensuing authoritative occasions (like nonappearance and turnover). Research has to be sure settled that these traits are valuable indicators of employment fulfillment (Cullen and Sackett, 2003, p. 169). The issue with criticism is that, for the most part, individuals will in general see and review positive input more precisely than they do negative input. Nonetheless, instead of what numerous individuals think, an input with a negative sign (e.g., being told your presentation is underneath normal) can have a positive inspirational effect. Actually, when representatives are told they were beneath normal on an imagination test, they in this way headed to beat the individuals who were persuaded their outcomes were better than expected. This is the reason negative criticisms can fill in as a test and could persuade workers to seek after more significant standards. Those getting positive criticism evidently were less persuaded to improve. Regardless, input with a negative sign or undermining content should be regulated cautiously to abstain from making instability and preventiveness. Self-viability likewise can be harmed by negative input, as found in a couple of tests with business unde rstudies. With this, Louie (1999) reasoned that to encourage the improvement of solid adequacy convictions, directors ought to be cautious about the arrangement of negative input. Ruinous analysis by chiefs which qualities the reason for horrible showing to inward factors diminishes both the convictions of self-adequacy and oneself set objectives of beneficiaries. The conventional top-down input programs have now been supplanted by two more current methodologies, the upward

15 - GEOG - 123 Essays - Glacier Bay National Park And Preserve

15 - GEOG - 123 Anthony November 22, 2000 Goes In Alaska Goes in Alaska takes perusers out traveling to Alaska through the clear depictions of the creator, John Muir. The book depends on diaries Muir composed during his visits to Alaska in 1879, 1880, and 1890. These accounts of his excursion relate his perceptions of nature, icy masses, and the numerous individuals he met. Going by walking, by kayak, and dogsled Muir experienced fervor finding new kinds of terrains and creatures. Each late spring Muir and his recently discovered Presbyterian preacher companion S. Corridor Young joined by Tlingit Indian aides propelled broad journeys of revelation in a thirty foot kayak. John Muir was a naturalists who wanted to go to wild places and experience the marvels of nature. Section One of Travels In Alaska is propelled by the delightful landscape Muir writes in his vessel in course to Puget Sound. He depicts the landscape, climate, and accommodation appeared to him by the people he met during his excursion through the Alexander Archipelago to Fort Wrangell and Sitka. Likewise, a man named Mr. Vanderbilt offered John a room and a spot at his table. The Vanderbilt family involved the best house in the fortification and this is the place he found a genuine home; with the opportunity to go on a wide range of journeys as happenstance advertised. Muir's liner goes first to Sitka, at that point on to Wrangell. The Klondike dash for unheard of wealth was at this point to start, however John knew about twenty-eight diggers who had quite recently gone from Sitka into the Yukon to prospect. The following summer he ran over and met some of the first twenty-eight excavators in S.E. Gold country in Sum Dum Bay. While in Wrangell Muir was received by the Stickeen Bundle 2 clan, and given an Indian name (Ancoutahan) that implies received boss. Being received by the Stickeens was a phenomenal defend while John was on his movements among the various clans of the archipelago. Nobody having a place with different clans would assault him, realizing that the Stickeens would consider them responsible. Muir likewise depicts devouring and moving at Chief Shakes brick house, and encountering the most wonderful nightfall he had ever observed. The 350 mile Stickeen stream was the start of the course to the Cassiar and MacKenzie gold fields. Liners could explore the initial 150 miles to Glenora and old Hudson's Bay exchanging post; and once in a while another 15 miles to Telegraph Creek. Muir depicts the waterway by its sublime ravine, grand bluffs, and mountains with ice sheets and cascades. John discloses the bombed endeavor to cruise the steamship Cassiar to visit the Chilcat clan. Be that as it may, he did some ice sheet strolling after the Cassiar needed to pivot and portrays the icy mass altogether. In any case, John sets out on a second outing up the Stickeen River. John climbs far into the inside with an accomplice named Le Claire who revealed to him numerous accounts of his audacious existence with Indians, bears, wolves, day off, hunger. On John's arrival trip he met a few gatherings of Indians progressing, going north to chase. Moreover, Muir making the most of his inland side excursion. Muir sets out from Glenora to climb Glenora Peak and portrays the broad perspectives on the practically endless space of the Coast Range. During the investigation of the Stickeen Glaciers, Muir does broad ice sheet strolling making numerous logical and creative observances. John Muir was resolved to go as far north as could reasonably be expected, to perceive what he could. On October 14, 1879, John Muir and Mr. Youthful left Wrangell. Utilizing Vancouver's graph, they created an excursion in excess of 800 miles in length. Muir and Young halted at numerous towns and camps along he way. With a couple of special cases, all the towns communicated their readiness to get them. After Bundle 3 visiting the town of Hoonah Muir and Young crossed Icy Strait into Glacier Bay. Outdoors on the sea shores of the Grand Pacific Glacier he depicts the dawn against that Fairweather Range. Vancouver's graph demonstrated no hint of Glacier Bay that they had found. The Chilcats are the most persuasive of the Thlinkit clans. While with the Chilcats, Muir and Young had five gatherings, every one of them conveying talks. They started to feel very comfortable in the huge square house with their neighborly Chilcat companions.

Valium Anxiety Medication Dosage and Risks

Valium Anxiety Medication Dosage and Risks Social Anxiety Disorder Treatment and Therapy Print Valium Anxiety Medication Dosage and Risks By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on August 01, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Valium is used in the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Johanna Parkin / Getty Images Valium (diazepam) is a benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety disorders and short-term anxiety relief. In conjunction with other medications, it may also be prescribed to control muscle spasms and spasticity caused by certain neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy, paraplegia (inability to move parts of the body), and athetosis (abnormal muscle contractions). Valium is also used along with other medications to control seizures.??   How to Take Valium Valium is available as a tablet, a solution, and as a concentrate (liquid) to take by mouth. Typically, its taken one to four times a day, and it may be taken with or without food.?? Daily doses of Valium can vary. If you are taking Valium for social anxiety disorder (SAD), for instance, your doctor should initially prescribe a low dose for a limited period of time (such as one week) and then follow up with an evaluation of its effectiveness, side effects, and dosage adjustment. Who Shouldn’t Take Valium You should not take Valium if you have a known hypersensitivity to diazepam, myasthenia gravis, severe respiratory insufficiency, severe hepatic insufficiency, sleep apnea syndrome, or acute narrow-angle glaucoma. Valium may be used in patients with open-angle glaucoma who are receiving appropriate therapy. Use of Valium while pregnant or breastfeeding is not advised, and it should not be given to infants under six months.?? Medication Interactions Valium should be used with caution in combination with other medications including: phenothiazines, antipsychotics, anxiolytics/sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants, narcotic analgesics, anesthetics, sedative antihistamines, narcotics, barbiturates, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and other antidepressants.?? In addition, the effects of Valium may be intensified if combined with alcohol. Avoid drinking alcohol while you are taking Valium since this can increase your chances of having serious side effects. Using Valium along with opioids, which include drugs such as OxyContin (oxycodone) and Vicodin (hydrocodone), is risky and may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and even death. Be sure your doctor knows all the medications you are currently taking before you get a prescription for Valium. Side Effects of Valium The most common side effects of Valium are drowsiness, fatigue, muscle weakness, and ataxia. Confusion, depression, dysarthria, headache, slurred speech, vertigo, blurred vision, dizziness, and constipation also have been reported.?? Driving, operating dangerous machinery, and participating in hazardous activities should not be undertaken until you know how you will react to Valium. Risk of Dependence and Withdrawal In general, there is some risk of physical and psychological dependence when taking Valium. If you stop taking Valium suddenly, you may experience withdrawal symptoms such as trouble sleeping and a depressed mood.?? Since some withdrawal symptoms can be serious and include seizures, its important to speak with your healthcare provider about slowly stopping Valium in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

‘The Overall Fear Of Crime Has Increased Over The Last

‘The overall fear of crime has increased over the last two decades due to populist(democratic) , and not evidence based, attempts to reduce crime.’ Critically discuss this statement. The fear of crime has established a surprising amount of attraction in the past two decades. Fear of crime is an emotional reaction and it is not based on reality. People who are very fearful are less likely at risk. Panic and fear of crime mainly comes through media. The government and its politics plays a huge part in the overall fear of crime. Even though their attempts are to reduce crime, or as politicians uses the term â€Å"what the public wants† in their speech for their own motives and to gain trust from the citizens. However, in order to do what the†¦show more content†¦In relation to the offender, ‘Nothing works’ (Martinson, 1974), became the dominant orthodoxy within criminology. All governments have to address the issue of law and order. However, for Conservative party ‘law and order’ became a slogan. But their economic failures effected the raising crime rates through unemployment (Field, 1990; Sampson and Laub, 1993). Ron Clark e 1980, offered in approach to crime prevention which did not entail ‘softness’ towards offenders and removed responsibility for failure to control crime from the police force. 1990s New labour time the nature of debate was how to bring more toughness in law. End of labour government, people was in fear. 1997- 2010 ‘Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime’. Reassuring policing- that crime is been looked after. They wanted to show that by catching more criminals, people should not think crime rates are going high. Supported police (pay up by 40%). 2010†¦ the conservative (coalition governments): ‘zero tolerance’ policing. Turned police officers into ‘social workers’ rather than ‘crime fighters’. Major cuts on police budget. However, this is all about Penal populism- an appeal to ‘the people’. A policy to win votes rather than reduce crime. Pragmatist- quick solution- politicians believes that if t here is problem occurring then quick solution is the best way to solve it rather thanShow MoreRelatedWhat Is The Validity Of A Report1649 Words   |  7 PagesGovernment report (2016) shows that crime rates are increasing in Scotland, with some places worse than others. The article claims that the Shetland Islands, Dumfries and Galloway, and Aberdeenshire have increased in crime rates from 2015 to 2016, whilst Edinburgh and Glasgow have become safer places to live, having decreased in crime rates. The article claims that rapes cases and sexual crimes are at their highest levels ever, with sexual crimes increasing by 53% over the last 10 years. Finally, the articleRead MoreFear Of Crime Is An Emotional Reaction Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pages‘The overall fear of crime has increased over the last two decades due to populist(democratic) , and not evidence based, attempts to reduce crime.’ Critically discuss this statement. The fear of crime has established a surprising amount of attraction in the past two decades. Fear of crime is an emotional reaction and it is not based on reality. People who are very fearful are less likely at risk. Panic and fear of crime mainly comes through media. The government and its politics plays a huge partRead MoreHow Policing Has Changed Since 9 / 111281 Words   |  6 PagesPolicing has changed since 9/11. They wanted different ways to detect terrorist actions and criminal acts. So community policing was implemented. The government has provided money and has been supportive in agencies efforts to participate in community policing. â€Å"For example, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS), a branch of the Department of Justice, provide funding to local police agencies to hire 100,000 new community policing officers in the 1990s† (Bureau of Justice StatisticsRead MoreSocial Responsibility And Its Impact On Society1444 Words   |  6 Pagesretail er where they can get plenty of selection at low prices instead of limited products and market rates. Being a mid-sized local grocery has its challenges when competing with these national chains, and Company Q is no different. Locally owned and operated businesses are an essential part of today’s society. Too often companies stress the quantity of profits over the quality of products. 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Internal And External Conflict In Much Ado About Nothing...

For a text to be successful, characters must experience internal and external conflict. This is because internal conflict makes a character believable and relatable, whereas external conflict makes the plot engaging and increases tension. This is shown through Shakespeare’s ‘Much Ado About Nothing’. Benedick experiences both internal and external conflict, which successfully makes him an engaging character and increases the tension that the audience experiences. Benedick is the willful lord who recently returned from fighting wars and vowed never to marry. At the start of the play, Benedick encounters a main character, Beatrice. Benedick and Beatrice have a â€Å"merry war† between them as they appear to verbally attack each other at every†¦show more content†¦The fact that he is going against his reputation, which includes his vow never to marry, leads us to think that we need to overcome our own pride before we are able to be worthy of another person’s love and loyalty. Contrasting to the internal conflict of Benedick, when he learns Beatrice loves him, he immediately says, â€Å"Love me? Why, it must be requited.† The audience s reaction from this seems that Benedick may have experienced internal conflict when they argued as he had feelings for h er. Another intrusion of internal conflict Benedick faces, is with his good friend Claudio. Benedick and Claudio are close friends with their mutual reliance forged in war. However, tension begins to rise when Benedick is torn between his love for Beatrice and his friendship with Claudio, but Beatrice wins. Shakespeare does this to further develop the significance of love and how it can overrule friendship. Claudio is good friends with Benedick, yet Benedick is willing to sacrifice his long term relationship with Claudio for his lover, Beatrice. This is shown through, â€Å"Enough, I am engaged. I will challenge him†. Benedick is willing to challenge Claudio to satisfy Beatrice. From this, the audience is kept engaged with the text and Benedick as a character. He has shown to continuously change his motives as in the beginning, he wished not to marry, yet now he does. Ultimately, his external and internal conflict amplified tension that the audience experienced,Show MoreRelat edevery day use3221 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ Your name Course and section number Date Paper draft (for example, Paper #1 Draft A or In-class Essay #2) On subsequent pages, in the upper right corner write: The paper s title Your name Page number Character analysis of the story â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker 1) Pay attention to the character’s ethics. Does the character make just or unjust choices? Consider Atticus Finch in Harper Lee’s ToRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pages GP NOTES 2010 (ESSAY) Content Page 1. Media a. New vs. Traditional b. New: narcissistic? c. Government Censorship d. Profit-driven Media e. Advertising f. Private life of public figures g. Celebrity as a role model h. Blame media for our problems i. Power + Responsibility of Media j. Media ethics k. New Media and Democracy 2. Science/Tech a. Science and Ethics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technologyRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Non Verbal Communication to Education24125 Words   |  97 PagesRural Poverty Portal * Contact us * Employment scam * Site map * Copyright * Subscribe * What s new * Accessibility ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Search Bottom of Form * Home * About * Operations * Development effectiveness * Evaluation * From the field * Partners * Topics * Newsroom * Events * Documents amp; publications * Photos * Videos * Jobs * Operations * Project cycle

The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Free Essays

Scholars of International Security have been trying to develop a theoretical approach to explain the causes of ethnic conflict for a long time. These studies have led to contentious debates but have also probed so deeply that their findings help shed new light on these issues, providing better understanding and possible solutions. Ethnic groups are defined as a community of people who share cultural and linguistic characteristics including religion, language, history, tradition, myth, and origin. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will explore the realist explanations of ethnic conflicts and then see how critical theory explanations offer new insight and answers to puzzles that could not be previously be explained. It will then explore several of the possible solutions used to end incidents of ethnic violence. Finally, it will focus on the debate surrounding partition as a possible solution to ethnic conflict, concluding that it is in fact a viable option for peace when implemented judiciously. According to realist explanations, ethnic conflicts are deeply rooted in cognitive and situational needs. In his article, â€Å"The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict,† realist scholar Barry Posen claims that anarchy creates competition and hostility between ethnic, religious and cultural groups. Ethnic fractions act to preserve their identity and physical security through the accumulation of resources and military power. Interestingly, Posen notes that social cohesion is viewed as a larger threat than material assets in military competition. Social cohesion, he claims, derives from historical accounts of identity building which often are inaccurate and biased; thus perpetuating cultural differences and hatred of the other. [1] Accordingly, ethnic tensions are inevitable but can quickly magnify to warfare when one group coerces or dominates the other militarily or ideologically. Realists, such as Posen do not ignore the fact that â€Å"ideas† are essential elements of ethnic conflict, but rather use them support the needs of power and mutual deterrence. In his article, â€Å"Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? ,† Stewart Kaufman attempts to deconstruct realist explanations of ethnic conflicts by introducing his own theory called â€Å"symbolic politics. † According to this theory, episodes of extreme ethnic violence are caused by, â€Å"[ G]roup myths that justify hostility, fears of group extinction and a symbolic politics of chauvinist mobilization. † [2] Kaufman believes that these myths produce â€Å"emotion-laden symbols that make mass hostility easy for chauvinist elites to provoke and make extremist policies popular. [3] Both Posen and Kaufman use the situation in former Yugoslavia to validate their respective theories. According to Posen’s realist explanation, the origin of the conflict was a primordial contentious relationship between the Croats and Serbs. Due to the past violence and aggression inflicted upon them by the Croats, the Serbs were justifiably fearful for their security. Their ability to mobilize and slight military advantage prompted mutual fear and competition from the Croats, which in turn resulted in the Serbs launching what they perceived to be a preventative war. 4] Kaufman’s symbolic politics theory suggests that the conflict was not one based on group interests or material factors, but rather, â€Å"the struggle for relative group worth†[5] and that charismatic leaders such as Milosevic and Tudjman exploited pre-existing myths and symbols which appealed to the emotions of the public, in order promote their own, expansionist agendas. [6] Upon in depth analysis of both scholars’ explanations, I found each to be very similar and plausible. In my opinion, Kaufman’s â€Å"symbolic politics† theory does not undermine Posen’s realist explanation of the conflict, but rather supports and expands on it. Kaufman’s explanation appears to be more of a critical analysis which combines elements of realist explanations (power), liberal explanations (elite manipulation of ethnic differences by leaders) and constructivist explanations (ethnic identities are constructed by historical â€Å"myths. †) In the same article, Kaufman examines the ethnic conflicts of Sudan and Rwanda as case studies to further support his symbolic politics theory. The most dominant explanation for ethnic conflict in these areas had been the realist account, which claimed that European colonialism created strife by reconstructing African identities and exploiting their resources; forcing them the compete with each other for survival. While I do believe that these realist explanations are legitimate factors, I do not think they are the only ones. After reading Stuart Kaufman’s in depth explanations, I am now convinced that value systems—or lack thereof, lie at the root of ethnic conflict. In Northern Sudan, Islamic values encouraged hostile expansionism of Sharia law, which threatened the survival (identity) of the Southern Sudanese who were unwilling to submit to it. Similarly, the creation of hostile myths against the Tutsi minority and large scale acceptance of the use of violence against them in Rwanda shows how easily populations lacking strong value systems can be manipulated by political elites into justifying the most heinous acts of violence against other human beings. Just as there are many plausible theories that explain the causes of ethnic conflicts worldwide, there too are many possible solutions. Although he is a realist scholar, Barry Posen admits that peacekeeping can sometimes be achieved through diplomatic measures, mainly by encouraging groups involved in the conflict to reexamine their past history from a more objective standpoint. Other third party options include: the creation of international institutions aimed at rebuilding domestic institutions, international treaties such as the non-proliferation policy, the use of economic sanctions, and the use of peacekeeping forces. All of these solutions have had success in some areas and failures elsewhere. When international diplomatic peacekeeping efforts fail and the ethnic conflict persists, outside powers are sometimes forced to implement material methods of assistance including military support and weaponry. Because warfare is always a last resort, the use of partitions has become a highly effective but equally controversial method used to suppress ethnic violence. According to some realist scholars, the separation of ethnic identities serves a necessary purpose; it provides people with meaningful associations and security. Chaim Kaufmann, though a prominent proponent of the use of partitions in pervasive interethnic conflict, still acknowledges that they should be used as a last resort and that the risks of partition and population transfers are only worth undertaking if they are saving the lives that would have been sacrificed if they had not occurred. [7] Critics of the use of partitions such as Radha Kumar argue that they do little to mitigate violence, but instead escalate tensions and cause mass movements of forced migration. 8] In his article, â€Å"When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century,† Chaim Kaufmann does a good job at deconstructing this myth. He claims that persistent violence creates refugee movements because people are afraid to stay where they are, or are at times forced to leave by opposing militant forces. Therefore, intermixed populations will inevitably become separated and the use of partitions only serves as an organizational vehicle which would enable them to resettle in a structured and protected manner. 9] Kumar’s arguments are further refuted by Kaufmann’s use of empirical data which prove that incidents of violence actually diminished when partitions were constructed in Ireland, India and Cyprus and that marginal increases of violence in those regions were not a result of the partition, but rather the lack of complete separation between rival groups within those regions. Kaufmann concedes that the case with Israel and Palestine is a special circumstance due to the fact that Palestinian threats are so pervasive that Israel’s existence is dependent on the partition. In contrast, Kumar’s strongest argument is that partition has rarely been anything more than a temporary solution to conflict, but its psychological effects are permanent. [10] After considering both sides of the argument, I believe the benefits of using partitions far out way the costs. While the psychological barriers that partitions create are an unfortunate reality, the numbers of lives they save are more important. In closing it is important to understand that each case of ethnic conflict studied has individual characteristics which make it unique and thus the causes and solutions to each situation are unique as well. Despite their variance, there is still something that can be learned and applied by studying each case. The realist explanation asserts that power and security factors are the motivating cause for conflict, but new critical theory explanations help us to see that physical and psychological security alone are not enough to deter episodes of ethnic violence. While it has been proven that material factors such as military and nuclear capability and partitions are effective deterrents, they should only be used as last result methods. International institutions, treaties and post conflict reconstruction initiatives are all instrumental in the peacekeeping effort. But in my opinion, the most effective method used for reducing incidences of ethnic violence is that of nation building. I’ve arrived at this conclusion, not only through scholarly analysis but also through personal experience. As a fourth generation Jewish American who grew up in the â€Å"melting pot† of New York City, I have been fortunate to witness the success of democratic values first hand. While I understand that constructing civic identities based on universal values of â€Å"liberty and justice for all† may seem like an overly idealistic notion, I need only to look at the success of my country and my city to know that it can be done. How to cite The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts, Papers

Justice for Socrates and Augustine

People define justice differently according to their understanding of the situation in question. Most people confuse justice and punishment (Lyons 16). The idea behind it is that two mistakes can provide a solution which implies that a tooth for a tooth and an eye for an eye. I suppose that justice is fair treatment and acting fairly in all situations that one may come across. To get a more precise definition, justice is the course or action which will restore balance to a situation (Augustine 34).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Justice for Socrates and Augustine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the discussion, how different philosophers define justice and how they propose on how it should be handled by different groups of people is extremely valuable (Dockendorf 24). For that case, we take two most identified philosophers who are Socrates and Augustine. The two scholars gave their definitions of justice bas ing on different perspectives but all pointing towards the same direction in giving fairness to people. For many years, people have defined justice in various ways. Plato’s work has given records on Socrates views on justice. This gives us the ability to read and understand the Socrates way of thinking toward justice. According to Socrates, justice was just good, and it could only be reached through self knowledge. He claimed that unanimous good existed and each and every person had the ability to find the good. When philosophers analyzed the justice issue, they discussed and gave their results as justice being good. This is according to Plato’s Republic first two books. Then they also looked at the opposite of justice as evil. For a person to be seen as just, he or she ought to be a good person and the crucial question here is to know what good is. Kealy indicates that good can be what is necessary, lacked or desired (Lyons 27). Socrates comes in on the same note and says that they are natural requirements but not what a person feels that he needs. A person’s nature is the daimon (the person’s inner self which seeks fulfillment). Logically the good preferred since it fulfills a person’s nature and Socrates indicate that the hunt for happiness is the normal objective in life. When I look at the word good, and the definition it leaves me puzzled. What may seem good to me might be worst to another person (Dockendorf 39). This justifies the saying that â€Å"one man’s meat is another man’s poison.† Every individual is just unique on his or her own way. The daimon of one person is much different from the other person’s daimon. Basing on this factor, Kealy proposes that one should identify his or her own potential (Augustine 43). Somebody’s ideas should not be followed to determine what is good for him or herself. This must be done considering Knowledge Next (Lyons 35). Socrates explained the ide a and notes that knowledge directs one to good and knowledge itself is good.Advertising Looking for report on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This indicates that self knowledge directs one to knowledge of differentiating between evil and good. It is only through the understanding that one can avoid committing evil deeds. One can only commit wrong if he or she is ignorant in his own actions (Augustine 48). According to Socrates knowledge is a virtue and on the reverse is ignorance. In this case, I can cite for major virtues courage, justice, temperance and piety. All these virtues can be drawn back to knowledge. Justice can be achieved after understanding what is good and what is evil. The search for happiness can be done from good deeds but not evil. In fact, evil will results to the opposite of happiness. So when evil does not exist happiness will prevail (Augustine 50). This can be supported by observing an ill p erson go to seek medical attention from the caregivers. When compared with a man who never gets sick, it is obvious that an ailment free person is always happy than a treated man. Then basing on this comparison Socrates argues that the cure for the crime (evil) is punishment and justice enforces that punishment. In this relation, the ill free person is happier than the treated person (Lyons 37). So the person, who never did wrong, will always be happy while the wrong doer gets the punishment for his misdeeds. Then he identifies the next person who lives an evil life and does not recognize the punishment. This person is similar to a child who avoids medicine to cure his or her illness which is justice (Augustine 56). Later on the child acquires blindness due to ignorance. This child is the same as the person who commits evil and avoids getting punishment. The same behavior may continue which in turn prolongs the punishment and suffering (Dockendorf 46). Socrates proposes that there i s no need of living with unjust souls. The just souls are more important than all the possessions of the earth. He also proposes that if any person realizes that he has committed evil, he should run to the judge and get justice. If he waits for any longer, then he will be increasing the length of suffering. So it is better treating the illness earlier than later, because it would not be chronic then. According to Socrates, it is good to do just to friends when they are good to us. Then we should harm the enemies when they do evil to us. He identifies that doing evil is harmful than receiving evil or harm (Augustine 58). Doing justice may be internal; on the contrary, doing harm is unjust while a just man will never harm another. In conclusion, Socrates means that no person should harm another because it is more important to live a just life. In his view, a just soul of a poor person is far much better than a rich man’s soul who got his wealth through unjust means.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Justice for Socrates and Augustine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Saint Augustine was a God fearing person who lived in the Roman Empire. As a man of God, he worked hard to fulfill the requirements of His creator. The most prominent of these requirements was providing justice for all people (Augustine 60). This was to set a good example for the forth coming generations to follow the correct footsteps. In his live Augustine had a soul that sought the will of God so as to live that was full true human character. In his opinion, he defined justice in the concepts of desire and the will of God (Dockendorf 49). He imagined of an anthropology which gave God a central and primary influence. So he could not foresee true justice lacking the essential element of God (Augustine 64). He gives us his discussion of justice and a society that is just through the City of God in Greek Language. Augustine makes use of the Bible quoting from different books in justifying his opinions. For example, he quotes from Habakkuk that a just person is comparable to the justice of God who controls his obedient city in respect of his own grace. Form these, it tells us that a just person will always live by his Christian faith (Lyons 39). In Augustine’s view, this should be like that faith which is lively in Christian love. This love should be the love of God alone then the love for neighbors’ just like him or herself. Justice can also be seen as the respect of God through following the rule of love from the Bible. The just individual (par excellence) is an individual whose faith results from the (caritas) which is love of God and others (Lyons 47). In the City of God peoples, relationship to justice is just secondary sense in Augustine’s view justice is mainly about God. To be more precise in occasions where God does not receive His due then He has been subjected to injustic e. Justice starts and ends with Christian adoration, devotion and the love of God. In respect of God, there can be no justice without Christ (Augustine 70). The reason behind this is that Jesus Christ lived without sin, and He is truly the only just man who is a measure of justice. Augustine did not restrict himself on spiritual mediation alone. He performed the role of a magistrate by himself (Dockendorf 56). Whenever there was a conflict, he reasoned out transforming much deeper wisdom, from the Bible and Christ (Augustine 78). He applied a good example of the woman who committed adultery and Jesus told her to go and never sin any more. This is to signify that God has justice for everybody but does not give anybody chance to continue sinning.Advertising Looking for report on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Justice as defined by both Socrates and Augustine point towards the same direction although from different perspectives. According to Socrates justice is good as seen by a person and evil as understood by the person. To be able to identify good and evil one requires knowledge (Dockendorf 66). This knowledge helps one to see if good verify evil or good. He proposes that if one realizes that he has done evil he should run for justice (punishment) (Lyons 59). The highest person who gives punishment is the Judge, from Socrates point of view. Socrates states that justice should not wait; it should be done immediately to avoid increasing the suffering (Augustine 75). St. Augustine, on the other hand, believes that Jesus Christ is the only just man and justice prevails when a society relies on God. Justice comes through faith and love for oneself and others. The highest person as regarded by ST. Augustine is only God. Justice can never prevail without God in the midst (Lyons 70). In all th e definitions of justice, we find that human being is obviously just to others. For justice to prevail, it requires that all people must keep to their correct sides, and whenever one makes a mistake he should seek justice. Works Cited Dockendorf, Luc. Socrates,Virginia. West Virginia University, 1996. Print Lyons, David. Ethics and the Rule of Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Print St. Augustine. Confessions IV. New York: Long Horn publishers, 2008. Print This report on Justice for Socrates and Augustine was written and submitted by user Neil T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.