Domestic Violence And Its Effects On Society - 1649 Words

In America most cases of Domestic Violence are never actually reported, many times these cases go unheard and the victims suffer in silence. The worn out cries of a battered woman as she lays on the ground clutching herself and begging her significant other to just stop. The bruises and cuts that remain unreported due to the victim claiming they accidentally fell yet again. The abusers tend to make the victim almost entirely dependable on them. An abuser will do this to gain control and to create a weaker victim, â€Å"behaviors used by one person in a relationship to control the other† (Par. 1, Definition). Control. The abuser seeks control over their victims. When their control is threatened they act out in ways harmful to others. Domestic†¦show more content†¦In this quote it gives a perfect example of a woman being treated as an object, â€Å"In 1800 BC, the Code of Hammurabi decreed that a wife was subservient to her husband and that he could inflict punishment on any member of his household for any transgression† (par. 2, Overview). Women were not considered people, they were basically owned by their husband. It was as if they were livestock. Going back through history a man ‘punishing’ his wife was not uncommon. â€Å"Medieval Canon law encouraged that wifely disobedience be punished publicly, using devices like iron muzzles with spikes which depressed the tongue† (par. 4, Overview). The abuse of a man’s wife was allowed not only privately, but publicly. Not only was this public abuse, it was public torturing. Too many deaths due to the abuse caused economic problems, â€Å"In Renaissance France when it became clear that too many women and children were being beaten to death and their economic contributions lost, lawmakers acted to moderate the effects of domestic chastisement. One statute, considered in its time to be progressive, restricted the chastisement of wives and children to ‘blows, thump s, kicks or punches on the back...which did not leave any marks,’ but added, ‘the man who is not master of his wife is not worthy of being a man.’†(par. 5, Overview) The considered someone to be a man only if they were masters of their wives. If they weren’t they were

An Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles - 1606 Words

The play Trifles written by Susan Glaspell is a mystery story of a murder that takes place in a small farming town. At the time the play was written women in the united states were still not given the opportunity to vote. It is through the mystery of this murder that we find the role of gender to be a major factor throughout the entirety of the play. In the play, we are given tandems of females and males to follow as they seek to solve the mystery of how Mrs. Wright’s husband was murdered. The tandems are composed of Mr. and Mrs. Hale, neighboring farmers, the town sheriff and his wife as well as the court attorney, George Henderson. The first indication to the role of gender in this play is when the men split from the women in search†¦show more content†¦The first line of the play is from the court attorney directed at both Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Wright. â€Å"Court Attorney: this feels good. Come up to the fire, ladies. Mrs. Peters: I’m not—cold.† This quick sequence set the tone for the play as we are given the early creation of the dynamic between the women and them men of this play. It is obvious that the men are not willing to involve the women among the investigation because they think that they are unneeded. Offering the ladies to get cooped up by the fire is the same as asking the ladies to sit quietly as the men talk about the important things at hand. The response of Mrs. Hale though allows us to notice the awareness she has for how the male authority acknowledges her as unbeneficial to the investigation. Another example of the dynamic between women and men in the play is when the county attorney find the broken jar of trifles among the kitchen. â€Å"Sheriff: Well you cant beat the women! Held for murder and worryin’ about her preserves. County attorney: I guess before we’re through she may have something more serious than preserves to worry about. Mrs. Hale: Well, women are used to worrying over trifles. County attorney: And yet, for all their worries, what would we do without the ladies? Dirty Towels! Not much of a housekeeper, would you say ladies? Mrs. Hale:Show MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 983 Words   |  4 Pagespreconception someone makes based on gender, race, or religion that in this case is by gender, and affects women based on their expected gender roles. Women endlessly have expectations that go along with being a wife, mother, or simply a female. In Trifles by Susan Glaspell, 1955 by Alice Walker, and Girl by Jamaica Kincaid women are stereotyped by men and told to follow unwritten but expected roles such as being seen and not heard. As well as how they present themselves, their behavior, and tasks they needRead MoreAn Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1203 Words   |  5 PagesA Love Gone Bad A woman who was once full of life and happiness is now left with no joy in her life. In the play, â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, we see how Mrs. Wright has changed over the years. We see how cheerful she was before marrying Mr. Wright. While trying to solve the murder, the author uses symbolism, conflict, and irony. The are many examples of conflict in this play. The most apparent conflict is that between the men and the women in the play. In the first parts of the investigation,Read MoreAn Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1056 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early 1900’s, both males and females were perceived as complete opposites of eachother. Women were considered physically weaker and morally superior to men. The gender roles during this time period were clearly demonstrated in the play â€Å"Trifles†, by Susan Glaspell. At a first glance it may seem like the play is only about the death of Mr. Wright. The play could simply be interpreted that the characters all work together to determine the murderer of Mr. Wright. The initial perception overlooksRead MoreAn Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1293 Words   |  6 Pagesthe history of the world. Yet, humanity’s statement to symbols goes beyond us finding meaning in innominate or non-human objects. People assign hum anity into objects, almost a part of themselves. This concept is clearly demonstrated in Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles. The work contains many element of symbolism that make important and relieving comments on the characters of the play and the themes of the story. One of the first symbols introduced in the work, Mrs. Wright’s apron is deeply symbolicRead MoreAnalysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1307 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell, she relates the title of her play to how the women in this play are treated with very little respect and authority. Mr. Wright overpowers his wife and he just does not realize that until it is to late and she kills him. The two women in this play that go into the house with the attorney and the sheriff for the investigation934 were the ones to discover the evidence of what clearly happened. The two women end up hiding the evidence from the two men to helpRead MoreAn Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 988 Words   |  4 PagesA Heavy Conscience â€Å"Trifles† by Susan Glaspell is a short play built around the murder of John Wright. Throughout the play there are numerous entwined themes and ideas. With closer examination of Glaspell’s work it is clear that there is a far greater plot in action than just a murder. Mrs. Minnie Wright has been arrested for the murder of her husband while the investigation is active. Interestingly enough the murder is not the focused of this play. The focus is how two wives Mrs. Hale and MrsRead MoreAnalysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles Essay916 Words   |  4 Pagesmultiple themes that a story is trying to convey. In Susan Glaspell s, Trifles, she meticulously incorporates significant symbols that help the reader recognize and construe the depth of the significance of the jar of fruit preserves, quilt, bird, and the bird cage. Things are not always as insignificant as they appear to be, and Glaspell s play is a prime example of how important it is to read between the lines. A central theme in Glaspell s play is gender obedience, displayed seemingly by MrsRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Susan Glaspell s Trifles 1714 Words   |  7 PagesFaulkner and Trifles written by Susan Glaspell loneliness, poverty and isolation consume the lives of the characters. Susan Glaspell’s play â€Å"Trifles† written in 1916. In this play the author’s talks of her preoccupation with culture- bound notions of gender and sex roles. Glaspell says women are considered trifles which mean they are not important to society which is carried out by men (Baym, p. 742). In Trifles written by Susan Glaspell the time is in the early 20th century. When Glaspell wrote â€Å"Trifles†Read MoreLiterary Analysis of Susan Glaspells Trifles1788 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Natures in Susan Glaspells Trifles A trifle is something that has little value or importance, and there are many seeming trifles in Susan Glaspells one-act play Trifles. The irony is that these trifles carry more weight and significance than first seems to be the case. Just as Glaspells play ultimately reveals a sympathetic nature in Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale, the evidence that the men investigators fail to observe, because they are blind to the things that have importanceRead MoreSusan Glaspell s Trifles 1732 Words   |  7 PagesSusan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American-born Pulitzer Prize winning writer of both plays and fiction. Glaspell came from humble beginnings and went on to study at Drake University and the University of Chicago. Much of Glaspell s work dealt with the relationships between men and women and the negative effects they have on women. In Glaspell s play Trifles, it is revealed that the operations of patriarchy are just an illusion that men have created to make themselves feel superior to w omen

Theories of Communication Narrative Theory Free Essays

string(26) " it would instigate harm\." In other words, language use in self-narratives accurately reflects human personality. According to communication theorist Walter Fisher, humans are natural storytellers (1978, 1984, and 1987). We continually weave discrete events and experiences together into coherent wholes that have all the features of stories; a plot: characters: action: a sequence of beginning, middle and end: and a climax. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Communication: Narrative Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1. 1. 1 Narrative Paradigm Narrative paradigm is a concept in communication theory and was developed by Walter Fisher. The concept is adopted from the oldest form of communication – story telling. He stated that all meaningful communication is in the form of storytelling. Calling his theory narrative paradigm, Fisher defined narration as â€Å"symbolic actions- words and/or deeds that have sequence and meaning for those who live, create or interpret them† (1987, p. 58). Fishers claimed that narrations abound in everyday life. You go to a mosque, church or temple, and a religious leader tells stories. Lawyers too tells stories when they give Jurors accounts of what happened and why and who is to blame (Burner, 2002). Peoples past experiences influence our need for communication and also base our behavior. Thus narrative paradigm is very helpful in analyzing the nature of human communication. 1. 1. 2 Good Reasoning In western cultures, rationality is considered extremely important. We are taught to evaluate the worth of ideas and arguments by Judging how much evidence is provided. Fisher thought the Western emphasis on â€Å"pure logic† and conventional rationality was excessive. He also thought that logic or strictly rational thinking do not always explain why we believe what we do. In his original statement about narrative theory, Fisher (1978) claimed that telling compelling story is more persuasive than cads of statistics, expert testimony, and logical deduction. People are basically story telling beings. We make decisions and form beliefs on the basis of good reasons. We consider a good reason depends on history, culture, personal character and biography. Narrative rationality is evaluated by the coherence and fidelity of stories. Life is a set of stories: in choosing to accept some stories to reject others, we continuously re-create our lives and ourselves. 1. 1. Narrative Rationality, Coherence and Fidelity To answer reservations that the narrative paradigm provided no standards for judging the quality of various stories, Fisher presented the concept of narrative rationality. He claimed that not all stories are equally compelling : that is not all stories have the same power to gain our belief. We Judge stories on the basis of a distinctively narrative for m of rationality, which Fisher saw as quite different from conventional criteria of rationality. Fisher identified two standards for assessing narrative rationality, which is coherence and fidelity. Coherence refers to formal features of story conceived as a discrete sequence of thought and or action in life or literature (any recorded or written form of discourse) e. It concerns the question of whether or not a story coheres or ‘hangs together’ whether or not the story is free of contradictions. In a story, we examine how the story strings together, how probable the story seems, are the important details included, is it free from contradictions, how does it compare with other stories, and do characters behave/think consistently. How do you decide whether the story makes sense? Fisher suggested that we first ask whether a story has internal coherence. We Judge whether the storyteller has told us all of the important details so that the outcome is believable. The way we assess coherence is to compare a specific story we are told with other stories about the same or similar situations, events and so forth. Fisher’s (1987) second standard for narrative rationality is fidelity, which is defined as â€Å"the extent to which a story resonates with listeners personal experience and beliefs†. According to narrative theorists, we find stories believable when they are act as we do or as we would like to see ourselves acting. Fisher’s explains that the standard of fidelity involve Judging the values in narration. When we identify with a character, we regard her or his action as admirable, worthy, reasonable. When we accept a story as true and right, we Judge it to reflect the values in which we believes and the ways of the world as we have experienced them 2. Weakness of the theory There are 3 major weaknesses that are commonly being brought forth by other scholars and they are: I) Incomplete description I’) Too broad iii) conservative bias Incomplete description: Most scholar are skeptical that the theory could comprehensively describe all forms of communication. One of the arguments are from Robert Roland(1989) that stated that not all form of communication are narrative and do not attempt to be. As an example, Robert highlighted that science fictions and science fantasy stories do not attempt to make sense in term of most people’s experience and value. He stated that the main purpose of science fictions and science fantasy is to challenge prevailing values, experience and ways of being in the world. In the perspective of communication, scholars have identify 2 types of communications that do not apply to the narrative theory. 1st, Kirkwood (1992) argues that Fisher’s view of narrative had failed to explain how stories create new possibilities, new version of ourselves and social life. This is because like the story of Martin Luther King is out of the standard form of storyline among the people within that timeline in how they see themselves and how they are suppose to act. Andy, James Cheeseboard (Bibb) believes that the theory are unpractical to the extend that if it is true it could cause harmful social consequences. For an example, the narratives of injustice and the right to revenge that are very common in most stories. Thus we could infer that assuming that the narrative theory is true it would incite riots and killing, thus it seem that Fisher did to account the impact of stories in developing new vision or how it would instigate harm. You read "Theories of Communication: Narrative Theory" in category "Narrative essays" Too broad: In establishing a communication theory, it is essential to create a distinguish it self from another. Thus when Fisher stated that all form of communication is a form of narrative thus he is simultaneously stating that everything and nothing in the same time. Such sweeping statement on the view of communication do not assist researchers, scholars and the general public to identify the important distinction among the myriad forms of communication. Conservative Bias: Finally the third weakness that one could identify is that the theory is very insensitively bias. In the context of evaluating theory, conservative is referred to the preservation of existing or established values and practices thus due to that, according to William Kirkwood (1992)Fisher’s idea of good reasons give privilege to prevailing value and attitude and focus less on to the ways in which stories can promote positive changes in the human condition. This contradiction can be seen in one of the narrative rational criteria of fidelity. Whereby there are cases of when even if the stories that we here ‘resonates with the listeners personal experience and lives'(Fisher 1987) but in truth even if it is consistent with our experience we tend to find some stories to be more credible from one to another. As an example, a video entitled ‘A Man Falls down and Cries for Help Twice. The Second Time, My Jaw Drops. On the www. Purports. Mom shows a man wearing a hooded,pair of Jeans and a snowman lying down at a town square calling for help, but after 45 minutes there was no one that came to assist despite of the large crowd passing through. This shows that despite of the general experience of being sick, and the general believe of doing DOD no one was convinced that the guy was sick or need any form of assistance. In addition to that, Kirkwood argues that this standard of Judgment encourage us to say only what will square with the other’s experience and to avoid challenging prevailing views, vale and the status quo in social life. . Strength of the theory There are 3 major strengths that are commonly being brought forth by other scholars and they are: I) Heuristic Value it) Parsimonious iii) Dynamism Heuristic Value: Narrative theory is viewed as an original work of study that has a high value of evolve as it has provoke new perspective of communication, the nature of reason and the bases of Judging rationality Narrative is considered to be a major approach to rhetorical criticism (Bureaucrat, 1995, p. 271). Within rhetorical studies, narrative has been theorized as a rhetorical paradigm, and has been used in the analysis of various case studies from the speeches of Ronald Reagan to the rhetoric of the American Civil Rights movement (Lewis, 1987; Sells, 2008). The concept of narration also has been said to compliment well with Aristotle ancient treatise on rhetoric, ND it redefined as a primary component of a speech. In a section discussing the organization of speeches, Aristotle (2007) conceives of the narrative as the part of the speech in which a speaker leads the audience â€Å"through the facts† of the speaker’s subject or case (p. 38). The narrative section of the speech should vary according to the type of speech delivered. In an influential work, Fisher (1984) has argued that narrative is a fundamental paradigm of human communication. Under the narrative paradigm, human beings are defined by their roles as storytellers, and narrative is a constitutive part of human nature. According to Fisher (1984), rhetoric is â€Å"communicated ultimately as stories meant to give order to human experience† (p. 6). Furthermore, narrative can be conceived as an alternative to rationality as a way of understanding the world, and is more intuitive than reason because it does not need to be taught Fisher’s narrative paradigm has since been critiqued and expanded upon (for more on the narrative paradigm, see also Fisher, 1985; Fisher, 1989). Parsimonious: Due to the simplistic nature of the theory that uses a limited number of concepts to explain communication, the theory had multiple applications in different fields. Narrative has been studied in fields such as: rhetoric, literary theory, philosophy, history (see for example: White, 1980), psychology, political communication, journalism, studies of folklore, persuasion theory, media studies rhetorical studies, and political communication. In communication, scholars have studied narrative’s role in politics and their use in news media. For example, Bennett Delano (1985) present a pessimistic view of political narrative, arguing that narratives transmitted through mass media act as barriers to solving social problems by casting policy issues in simplistic, ideological terms (p. 8). For Bennett Delano (1985), the power of narratives to label political participants as â€Å"heroes† or â€Å"villains† or â€Å"deserving† or â€Å"undeserving† create â€Å"public policies that are rationalized by the construction of social problems for which they become solutions† (p. 159). Other scholars have also examined t he ways in which Journalists use narratives in the construction of news content (see for example: Lull, 2001, p. 11-26; Gangs, 1979, p. 78-115) Dynamism: The theory is very dynamic to the extend where it could evolve and compliment in any form or context in the view of life . Fisher had rebutted the idea of how his theory could and would maintain the status quo. In his critical article in 1987, Fisher stated human beings are wonderfully creative and imaginative beings. Thus he claims that we are able to invent and accepts new stories when they are better explained or offer a better direction for future living than the stories had heard and believed. This is proven in the case of Hill vs. Thomas. During and immediately after the court hearing, the national polls reported that a majority of those polled had thought that Thomas story to be more credible than the one told by Anita Hill. However, a year after the hearings, when the people thought more about it, the majority of that poll has shifted their votes toward Anita Hills account. This shows that given time to consider and weigh of both stories, people could come to believe one that initially they had found lack of credibility. This shift suggest that fidelity ,may not be fixed at a moment but may shift in response to additional experiences and or reflection. 4. Examples f the theory 4. An article about narrative theory http://www. Marketing’s. Co. UK/trends/brand-storytelling-narrative-theory/ 4007279. Article The Marketing week has made a cover on application, effectiveness ND importance of The narrative Theory in delivering an effective branding image building. In the article Jonathan Bacon stated that ‘Storytelling, or providing consistent and compelling content to build a picture of a company, is becoming more important as people scrutinize brands and businesses. A research done by Monopole; which was commissioned by brand storytelling agency Aesop; attempts to define storytelling according to 10 criteria, including whether brands â€Å"have a clear sense of purpose†, whether consumers are â€Å"intrigued to see what they’ll do next† and whether those brands â€Å"create their own world†. More than 1,500 1-J adults were asked to rate 100 major brands against these criteria before Monopole used the responses to compile a 81st of the best storytelling brands. The following are the results of the research. Thus we could conclude that a good brand story is important and this is supported by Deed Woodcock, strategy director and co-founder of Aesop which believes that a transparent and famous goal is paramount too believable brand story as an example, he state that Apple’s top ranking is the result of its almost evangelical commitment to creating technology that improves people’s lives and the clarity with which it tells that story. â€Å"Its sense of mission manifests itself in everything it does: from the design of its products and stores to the simplicity of its advertising,† he says. Apple is currently running a campaign using long copy to explain the story behind its products. Woodcock commented that in the cases of utility firms, the ineffectiveness of their branding strategy is due to poor marketing or bad publicity. â€Å"Even though utilities could be said to have a noble mission, perhaps the story the consumer tends to hear is fat cat utility rips off defenseless consumers’,† he says This is consistent to Fisher’s theory which stated that fidelity and coherence are crucial in evaluating a story. Thus a bad publicity would tainted the rationality of the theory, with even if it has good reasoning it is not consistent with how the general public perceive these utility companies. Given the central role that storytelling plays in developing a brand’s identity, it is perhaps not surprising that the ranking is dominated by some of the world’s biggest brands, with Apple topping the list and other brands such as Coca-Cola, McDonald’s and Heinz featuring in the top 10. But the study also offers an interesting insight into perceptions towards different industries. For example, while retail, food and drink and FMC brands fare particularly well in the rankings, brands in the utilities, financial services and automotive sectors are considered less adept at storytelling. The highest ranking financial services brand (Visa) is 30th out of 100, while the best storytelling bank or building society (Nationwide) is only 53rd. The top storytelling brand in the utilities sector comes 55th (British Gas) and the bottom four brands overall are all utilities, with Scottish Southern Energy (SSE) receiving the lowest ranking 4. Participation Observation Interview SURVEY QUESTION ANALYSIS 4. 2. 1 Respondent background A survey was conducted on 21st of April 2014, at KILL cafe and the following are the backgrounds of our respondents. They are separated in two types of demographics which is local and international student of KILL. There are four local students which is consist of 2 Malay, 1 Chinese, 1 Indian ,and there are six international students which is consist of two Indonesian students and four from Arab countries (3 Sudanese, 1 Nigerian ). They are ages group are ranging from 18- 25 years old. The survey was conduct by a face to face interview. . 2. 2 The Finding Overall during our survey, there were one main question that was focused which is how does the general public of KILL student identify and rationalize a lie and it was found that 7 out of 10 respondent has given a response that is consistent with Fisher Narrative Rationality Criterion. Which are Fidelity and Coherence. This can be seen throughout respondent 4-10 whereby when ask about being lied to all would have similar methodology of identifying a lie. Which are either through Fidelity Leg: There were lack of details that was told (lack of value in narration), She use the lying that I also use to tell people (personal experience) or Coherence [The story that the liar told me doesn’t hang together (consist of contradiction). The flow of his story was not consisted with what I know (Inconsistence in sequence)] On the other hand, there are instances during our interviews that were not align with the Narrative Paradigm. [By looking at the pace of his speech (body language), He acted guilty (body language+ personal experience) He confess it by himself] 4. . 3 Summary It can be concluded that; in general, Fisher’s Narrative Paradigm theory is applicable to the masses to KILL student but to a curtained extend. As what has been found via the analysis above there are a few findings that shows that there are some of the general student that do not Judge reason only from the sequence of a story and whether it make sense but they use other technicians like body language, analyzing body reaction, or some would Just tell the respondent that they had lied previously. Which to a certain extend derailed from the perspective that Fisher had brought forth which is communication is a form of narration â€Å"that all forms of human communication need to be seen fundamentally as stories-?symbolic interpretations f aspects of the world occurring in time and shaped by history, culture, and character;†( Human Communication As Narration: Toward a Philosophy of Reason, Value, and Action, Walter R. Fisher 1987) as for body language require a skill set and intuition rather than a layman interpretation off unconvincing story. Narrative theory by Walter Fisher is still applicable in this current society. There are certain people who usually talks to themselves but most of them are talking to other people and that makes them involve in becoming the narrator or a storyteller. Secondly, we make decisions on the basis of good reasoning or logic. When we deciding things in our life, we tend to think logically rather than Just Jump into it. In order to make a good decision in life, people will think logically especially in making decision. Fisher’s Narrative Paradigm is a very useful theory that explains one aspect of human nature. Fisher tells of how we are basically â€Å"storytelling animals† and how the receiver of the message Judges the credibility of the message due to its consistency or coherence. For example, when we feel sad and automatically our face will turn to something unpleasant. Suddenly there is someone notices the changes of our motions and he or she will automatically ask us about what happen and we explain it to them. The explanation done by us is what we call as narrative and this is what Fisher trying to explain that human is a natural storyteller. Nowadays the theory is most prevalent in marketing. Marketing executives are actively seeking to fulfill these two criteria to make their brand more appealing towards their customers. Even though there are only two criteria stated by Fisher, there are more criteria a person would Judge a person narrative, especially in two way communication. Thus, even though Fisher succeed to capture on why human is a storytelling species, it does not explain fully on the traits that an individual would Judge others in real life. In conclusion, narrative theory is applicable in the current society and it is present in our everyday life. 6. Suggestion to improve the theory Our suggestions to improve this theory so that it is applicable in current society are to narrow down the scope of the theory. Two major criticism of narrative theory is it could not comprehensively describe all forms of communication and the broadness of the theory. This problem can be avoided by narrowing down the scope of which narrative theory can cover. This meant that narrative theory needs to specify what type of communication it should represent. Another criticism faced by narrative theory is conservative bias. This criticism the nature of theory that conclude that human beings have a set of template on how they would respond to a specific conditions. Responding into this criticism, narrative theory needs to acknowledge that a person acceptance of a narrative can change overtime. This way, narrative theory can accommodate the flexible nature of human being. How to cite Theories of Communication: Narrative Theory, Essays

Statistics and Business Research Socio Economic Products

Question: Describe about the Statistics and Business Research for Socio Economic Products. Answer: Introduction This research study has highlighted the impact of socio economic differences for the purchasing of products in the Australian market. As per the statement of Pechey et al. (2013), socio economic differences within an organization arise due to the misunderstanding or miscommunication between the consumers and the employees or between the inter employees of the organization. In this purpose, the researcher has considered the socio economic differences as the independent variable and the purchasing of products is the dependent variable (Dinsa et al. 2012). On the other hand, it can be mentioned that different theories and reliable models will be discussed in this study. These models and theories will effectively increase the knowledge of the study of the research. The models and the theories will be beneficial to estimate the impact of the socio economic differences on the purchasing of products. Socio economic factors: As per the statement of Chitnis et al. (2014), attitudes are the undesirable or the desirable estimation that reflect the behaviour of the consumers. In this connection, it can be stated that attitudes affect the intentions. In addition, it can be stated that attitudes reflect the intentions, higher the desirable attitude, greater will be the intention, which is required to carry out. Howe et al. (2012) opined that attitude is the key factor, which has a greater impact on the buying decision. On the other hand, it can be mentioned that the attitudes are connected with the people and the surroundings. According to Blum (2013), it can be stated that positive attitudes of the people will positively reflect to the surrounding people. In addition, impact of the socio economic differences on the purchasing of goods is also depending upon the connection between the subjective norms and the attitudes of the consumers (Handbury, Rahkovsky and Schnell 2015). In order to make a business successful, socio economic difference between the employees and the consumers will mitigate. It will be reduced by the development of the trust and the rapport with the consumers. As a result, it can be mentioned that greater communication skill between the organizational authority and the consumers can reduce the socio economic differences. In this purpose, Galama and Van Kippersluis (2015) added that the consumers are willing to purchase the products from that organization. The productivity of the company will be effectively increased. Socio economic disparities can be prevented when communication style and the behavior of the employees is required to improve. Global socio economic disparity: Figure : Global socio economic disparity (Source: Pickett and Wilkinson 2015) The above figure depicted the influential factors, which reflects the socio economic differences. By identifying these factors, an organization can mitigate this disparity. These factors can be discussed briefly in the following: Higher production rate and the cheaper labor markets: According to Blum (2013), cheap labor market highlights to increase the rate of production. Nevertheless, due to the precarious employment, there is a weaker purchasing power and the manufacturing goods and services will be hampered. The smaller groups of the domestic customers provide these goods and the services. This particular economic scenario will attract the foreign investors. As per the statement of Vijayanand (2012), due to the lower rate of the domestic labors, the foreign will be attracted. As a result, it can be mentioned that the socio economic disparity will increase. Higher consumption rate and the over market consumption: According to Howe et al. (2012), it can be stated that a larger proportion of manufacturing goods and the services in the cheaper labor countries will be exported to the excessive consumption nations. As a result, this will generate a vicious circle, with which the international consumption will be concentrated within a fewer markets. This purchasing behavior of wages within the consumer nations will continue to increase. On the other hand, the purchasing power of the wages in the cheaper labor nations will constantly fall or remain unchanged. Lower rate of consumption and the under consumption markets: In the words of Handbury, Rahkovsky and Schnell (2015), under consumption is directly related with the economic policies, which aimed to encourage the cheaper labor market. This situation may arise due to the inadequate consumer demand. In addition, it can be mentioned that sometimes the workers are paid lower wages compared to the production. As a result, their willingness towards the productivity will reduce. Hence, the productivity of the organization will be deceased. This will in turn reflect the consumption pattern of the consumers. Global socio economic disparity and the global consumption disparity: This section has tried to highlight that there is a disparity in the income level and the level of consumption. On the other hand, Galama and Van Kippersluis (2015), added that the smaller portion of the overall population would consume a larger percentage of the worlds resources. Therefore, the greater percentage of the overall population is belonging under the minimum consumption level. Therefore, this research study has demonstrated the concept of over consumption and the under consumption in order to identify the impact of the socio economic differences. Due to the limited resources in the global market, the organization will not be able to produce higher productivity. According to the statement of Pickett and Wilkinson (2015), it is required to reduce he socio economic gap between the employees and the consumers. In this connection, the employees require to communicate with the customers, so that the employees will be able to understand the requirement of them. With the help of the satisfactory relationship, the performance of a business can be improved. The productivity of the organization will also be increased. In addition, Blum (2013), opined that consumers would maintain a long-term relationship with the organization. As a result, it can be inferred that the consumer loyalty towards the company will be maintained. Nonetheless, misunderstanding between the co nsumers and the employees will reflect to distrust as well as poor morale. Therefore, it can be concluded that socio economic gap is not good for a company. Gantt chart using the three milestones Literature Review is due on Week 6. Data Collection and Analysis Report are due on Week 10. Final Business Research (Capstone) Thesis is due on week 14. Figure: Gantt Chart using three milestones (Source: created by author) Data collection and analysis method The aim of the research is to find an impact of socio economic differences on the consumers choice of purchasing the products or consuming the services in an Australian Market. The researcher has chosen Virgin Airlines to evaluate and find the issues that the organizations face due to the socio-economic differences. Data collection is a method through which data is collection upon which a finding is based. The researcher has used descriptive approach to analyze the data. The research is not based on case study but the research uses a descriptive approach. Two types of data collection process are qualitative and quantitative procedure (Creswell 2013). For this particular, research the researcher uses quantitative process for collecting the data. Quantitative data is collected for the numerical analysis of the observation. The researcher uses quantitative data collection as the research is observational and descriptive in nature. Quantitative data is used to test the hypothesis that is derived from the theory. The data collection procedure depends on the research questions. The quantitative data can be collected using various methods such as experiments, observations, interview, questionnaires and surveys. Since the research is descriptive in nature, the author uses the methods of questionnaires and surveys to collect the data (Bryman 2015). The data is collected by preparing a questionnaire that is then surveyed online and through interview process by the researcher. The questionnaire is prepared for the managers of Virgin Airlines, its employees and customers. The questionnaire is based on the semi-structured pattern that was based on clustered samples. The questionnaire contains both an open-ended questions and close ended questions. The close-ended questions are for the employees and managers of the organization that is answered in descriptive format. It contains five questions that are surveyed from employees and managers of the Virgin Airlines. The questionnaire is surveyed using interview method and the researcher himself conducts the interview. The total number of employees that are surveyed accounts to 10. Open-ended questions are prepared for the consumers of Virgin airlines. The questionnaire depends on demography such as age, sex, religion and questions based on consumer choice and factors affecting their buy ing behavior. The total numbers of consumers that are surveyed are 50 (Weber 2015). The questionnaire prepared is published online and survey via internet. It is done analyze the socio economic problems and the impact of the socio economic differences on the purchasing decision of consumers. The questionnaire is prepared to analyze the psychological view of the customers. It is done to analyze the methods used by the managers and employees to solve the socio economic issues and problems. The inquiry made was tested on a sample of clustered sampling from the business organization and after that following a convenience sampling so that any person can answer the questionnaires (Saaty and Vargas 2013). Hence, the researcher uses quantitative method to collect the data for this particular research. Quantitative method of data collection is more cost effective than the qualitative researcher it is also less time consuming and hence the researcher uses quantitative data collection method. The two types of data are primary data and secondary data. The researcher relies on primary sources of data for its research that is collected by preparing questionnaires from the primary sources. Here, the primary sources include the managers, employees and consumers. Primary data is the data that is collected by the researcher on its own from the valid sources. It is essential for the researcher to ensure that the data is collected from valid sources where the researcher can rely on the data (Mertens 2014). Data analysis The next step after data collection is the data analysis method. The data that is collected is analyzed using statistical tools to obtain a result on the socio economic problems and its impact on the purchasing decision of consumers in Australian organization. The researcher uses Virgin Airlines to analyze and the issue. Testing the hypothesis is essential that is tested using the statistical tool. The data that is collected is plotted on an excel file to obtain the histograms and bar graphs through which the data is analyzed. In this case, the researcher uses p-test and z-test to conclude as to accept the hypothesis or to reject it. The researcher uses the simple random sampling and probability method to analyze the data (Soy 2015). The aim of the researcher is to get an unbiased result through the analysis. The researcher also uses SPSS software to analyze the result. The response of the consumers, employees and managers are analyzed through SPSS tool (Pickard 2012). The response o f the respondents is categorized under different sections and heads such as age, culture, consumer choice, socio economic differences. The data is then analyzes on three components or parameters that is good, satisfactory and poor. The response and result obtained is the plotted in bar graphs, histograms and pie charts upon which a conclusion is drawn. Hence the data is analyzed in a descriptive approach. Recommendation It is recommended that the researcher should use both the qualitative and quantitative methods for the data collection and data analysis. Qualitative data is used to support the quantitative data collection method. The researcher should also use the secondary sources of data for its research. It is essential for the researcher to have knowledge of the organization, which can be evaluated by referring to the website of the company. The socio economic differences can be solved and there are mainly to main factors to solve the differences. One is the education of children. Right education by the parents has an influential impact on the society. The second component that influences the society greatly is the media (Batra et al. 2014). Media has a very great impact on the society. It can create either a positive impact or a negative impact on society. The Virgin Airline should initially analyze the socio economic problems and issues that the organization face. It is also essential to anal yze the impact of socio economic differences on the purchase decisions and then formulate strategies accordingly to solve the problem (Hirst 2013). Analyzing the background of the customers is essential to know their social background. It is also essential to know the reason for the differences in the socio economic background. Hence, the two main factors that can solve are the right education and right use of media. The managers should properly formulate the strategies so that the problems can be tackled easily (Godey et al. 2012). Hence, the researcher should expand its sample size in order to get a valid result and should use both the quantitative and qualitative data collection procedure for the analysis. Conclusion Hence, from the above analysis and research it can be concluded that the researcher will accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternate hypothesis. The researcher uses quantitative approach to collect the data and the research is described in a descriptive approach. The data is collected through questionnaires from the managers, employees and consumers of Virgin Airlines through interview method and online survey. Various social factors and economic factors affect the purchase decision of consumers. The various social factors that affect the purchasing decision of consumers for Virgin airline are income of the family, social status, lifestyle, consumer preferences, consumer attitude and education. The economic factors that affect the purchasing decision of consumers are price of the product, income of the consumers, purchasing power, interest rates and other economic factors. The differences in the socio economic factors have a negative impact on the purchasing decisions and it greatly affects the consumer choice. The differences lead to a fall in the sale of services that should be handled effectively the managers of the organization. Hence, it is essential to keep the workplace free from socio economic differences in order for success of the business. A socio-economic difference leads to religious riots which is harmful for the organization. Hence, the researcher uses quantitative approach for data collection method because it is less time consuming and more cost effective as compared to the qualitative data collection method. References Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D.L., Steenkamp, J.B.E. and Ramachander, S., 2014. Effects of brand local and non-local origin on consumer attitudes in developing countries.Journal of consumer psychology,9, pp.83-95. Blum, M., 2013. War, food rationing, and socioeconomic inequality in Germany during the First World War.The Economic History Review,66(4), pp.1063-1083. Blum, M., 2013. War, food rationing, and socioeconomic inequality in Germany during the First World War.The Economic History Review,66(4), pp.1063-1083. Bryman, A., 2015.Social research methods. Oxford university press. Chitnis, M., Sorrell, S., Druckman, A., Firth, S.K. and Jackson, T., 2014. Who rebounds most? Estimating direct and indirect rebound effects for different UK socioeconomic groups.Ecological Economics,106, pp.12-32. Creswell, J.W., 2013.Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. Dinsa, G.D., Goryakin, Y., Fumagalli, E. and Suhrcke, M., 2012. Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: a systematic review.Obesity reviews,13(11), pp.1067-1079. Galama, T.J. and Van Kippersluis, H., 2015. A theory of socioeconomic disparities in health over the life cycle.CESR-Schaeffer Working Paper, (2015-016). Godey, B., Pederzoli, D., Aiello, G., Donvito, R., Chan, P., Oh, H., Singh, R., Skorobogatykh, I.I., Tsuchiya, J. and Weitz, B., 2012. Brand and country-of-origin effect on consumers' decision to purchase luxury products.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1461-1470. Handbury, J., Rahkovsky, I. and Schnell, M., 2015.What drives nutritional disparities? Retail access and food purchases across the socioeconomic spectrum(No. w21126). National Bureau of Economic Research. Hirst, P., 2013.Associative democracy: New forms of economic and social governance. John Wiley Sons. Howe, L.D., Galobardes, B., Matijasevich, A., Gordon, D., Johnston, D., Onwujekwe, O., Patel, R., Webb, E.A., Lawlor, D.A. and Hargreaves, J.R., 2012. Measuring socio-economic position for epidemiological studies in low-and middle-income countries: a methods of measurement in epidemiology paper.International journal of epidemiology, p.dys037. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications. Pechey, R., Jebb, S.A., Kelly, M.P., Almiron-Roig, E., Conde, S., Nakamura, R., Shemilt, I., Suhrcke, M. and Marteau, T.M., 2013. Socioeconomic differences in purchases of more vs. less healthy foods and beverages: analysis of over 25,000 British households in 2010.Social Science Medicine,92, pp.22-26. Pickard, A., 2012.Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Pickett, K.E. and Wilkinson, R.G., 2015. The ethical and policy implications of research on income inequality and child well-being.Pediatrics,135(Supplement 2), pp.S39-S47. Saaty, T.L. and Vargas, L.G., 2013.Decision making with the analytic network process: economic, political, social and technological applications with benefits, opportunities, costs and risks(Vol. 195). Springer Science Business Media. Soy, S., 2015. The case study as a research method. Vijayanand, S., 2012. Socio-economic impacts in pilgrimage tourism.Zenith International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research,2(1), pp.329-343. Weber, M., 2015.On the methodology of the social sciences. Lulu Press, Inc.

Dementedness Essay Example

Dementedness Paper The purpose of this assignment is to discourse how a societal worker would measure the mental capacity of a service user who has been diagnosed with dementedness. This essay will discourse the assorted significances of the different types of dementedness and how their mental wellness diagnosing affects an person s ability to do of import determinations in their lives. This essay will discourse how the Person-Centred Dementia Care ( VIPS ) model written by Tom Kitwood ( 1997 ) is able to steer the societal worker in using theoretical models and besides by using Law and measuring the specific capacity of a individual diagnosed with dementedness. This assignment will besides discourse how the citizenship, societal and medical theoretical accounts differentiate in their apprehensions and significances of dementedness. When measuring capacity it is of import to separate what type of capacity you are measuring. This could affect measuring determinations based on fiscal issues, lodging stat e of affairs, personal or domestic attention demands, the ability to measure hazard and safety, and besides sing their physical wellness attention demands. We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The societal worker is able to use the Mental Capacity Act 2005 to supply justification and counsel when measuring the service user s mental capacity. The societal worker will implement their professional opinion and answerability every bit good as work in a multidisciplinary mode and liaise with the GP, head-shrinker, brain doctor, community psychiatric nurse or community mental wellness squad. This would enable the societal worker to obtain more grounds and studies in finding the mental capacity of the service user. The societal worker will measure the mental capacity of a service user diagnosed with dementedness through any signifier of appraisal of demand i.e. safeguarding demands, support demands, lodging demands etc. It is besides of import to work in anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive mode when working aboard service users. The Alzheimer s society ( 2010 ) found that diagnosable dementedness occurs in 5 % of those aged 65 old ages and over and in approximately a one-fourth of those aged 85 old ages. Of those with dementedness, 50-60 % will hold Alzheimer s disease and a farther 10-15 % a vascular or multi-infarct dementedness. There are many signifiers of dementedness, which include potentially reversible unwellnesss, such as alcohol-related dementedness and those due to structural intracranial lesions. Dementia progresses as a really variable unwellness ; in the early phases patients with dementedness can go on to populate at place with the support of household and friends. As the unwellness progresses, this support needs to be supplemented with targeted aid to turn to facets of day-to-day life such as keeping nutrition, self-care and conformity with medicine. Tom Kitwood ( 1997 ) was the first author to utilize the term personhood in relation to people with dementedness. Kitwood ( 1997 ) defined personhood as a standing position that is bestowed upon human existences, by others, in the context of relationship and societal being, it implies acknowledgment, regard and trust ( Kitwood, 1997:16 ) . The person-centred dementedness attention model brings together thoughts and ways of working with the lived experience of people with dementedness that emphasised communicating and relationships. ( Kitwood 1997 cited Brooker 2007:14 ) . The person-centred attention involves four major elements, the first being valuing people with dementedness and those who care for them, advancing their citizenship rights and entitlements irrespective of age or cognitive damage Drake ( 1999:19 ) asserts ; Citizenship is more than consumerism, which is where the look of power is limited to doing picks or showing penchants it is about equality of chance and procedure although the result may be limited by the abilities of any person. There are many ways of understanding dementedness which consist of the medical theoretical account, the societal attack and the citizenship attack to dementia The citizenship attack to dementia is a new attack which concentrates on how people with dementedness can assist society in footings of political, and societal rights, speaking portion in work, leisure, political arguments and spiritual jubilation. This attack is based on reciprocality, which is why this is a new development as cipher was believing about the people diagnosed with dementedness as being able to give every bit good as receive. ..dementia depict a group of symptoms which result from the devastation of encephalon cells. Although dementedness is a physical unwellness, most of the symptoms and jobs caused by the unwellness require psychiatric expertness and attention. ( Brotchie 2003 p. 2 ) Dementia affects people s ability to retrieve things for more than a few seconds, make sense of the universe around them, header with day-to-day life undertakings and show their feelings. Other factors which affect people with dementedness are being able to believe clearly and work out jobs, make programs, unable header with an over-stimulating environment and happen it hard to act in a normal manner. Dementia is one of the chief conditions which are a consequence of mental confusion, memory loss, freak out, rational damage, or similar jobs. ( Mace et al 2006 ) . Brotchie ( 2003 ) found that different people may endure from different symptoms of dementedness, depending on their personality and their unwellness which lead to dementia. Brotchie ( 2003 ) outlines four most common symptoms of dementedness which are memory loss, alterations in personality, trouble in pass oning and loss of practical accomplishments. Memory loss is frequently a mark which occurs earlier and high spots something is non right, nevertheless could be mistaken for forgetfulness brought on my emphasis or feeling low in temper. A individual with dementedness may bit by bit bury where they are and how to acquire place ; hence underscoring there is a cognitive job. Peoples who may hold dementedness show alterations in their personality as people struggle to map with a limited thought capacity and over-react with mundane state of affairss and day-to-day undertakings. Peoples who are know to be unagitated may go aggressive or opprobrious, instead a individual know to be reserved before they became ailment may lose all societal suppressions. Changes in people s behavior are caused by harm to the encephalon and are non something the individual can command or forestall . ( Brotchie 2003 p.3 ) This position of harm to the encephalon as a cause of dementedness is supported by the medical theoretical account. The medical theoretical account dressed ores on encephalon harm and province at that place grounds by its nature of going worse as clip goes on. Jacques A ; Jackson ( 2000 p.4 ) emphasise the sum of ; tibbs 2006 p16 ..damage dementedness does to the lives of sick persons and those around them. It poses an tremendous challenge to wellness and societal services and to the community as a whole. Peoples diagnosed with dementedness may fight in doing themselves understood e.g. burying the name of simple objects or familiar people. They may besides happen it hard to do sense of what is being said to them as a consequence being unable to transport out instructions. Peoples with dementedness may bury things a few proceedingss after they have been told which is done by error and non knowing. Another symptom which may happen with a individual who has dementedness is holding serious jobs with transporting out simple undertakings such as binding a shoe lacing or making up a nothing, other undertakings such as feeding, dressing and rinsing go more hard as the unwellness becomes worse. The bulk signifiers of dementedness are irreversible, there are limited interventions but the most assist a individual can acquire is from their household to program for the best signifier of attention in the hereafter. It is critical for a physician at this phase to be involved in the individuals atten tion and intervention ( Brotchie 2003 ) . Cantley and Bowe ( 2004 ) found that there can be other causes for these symptoms which may non be linked to dementia such as a general medical unwellness, drug toxicity or a life altering event. In the more advanced phases of the illness dependance additions and there is frequently the demand for residential or nursing attention. Issues of capacity and consent are of import at many phases of dementedness and peculiarly affect fiscal issues, ability to measure hazard and safety, and besides determinations over physical health care ( British Medical Association ( 2009 ) . Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) found that the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which followed the Adult with Incapacity Act 2000, means that we are more able to offer protection in jurisprudence to grownups who lack mental capacity, including people diagnosed with dementedness. A major alteration to this jurisprudence emphasised that presumption against deficiency of capacity , which means a individual is now presumed to be capable of doing their ain determinations until proven otherwise. The 2nd component from the person-centred model consists of treating people as persons taking into consideration their alone personality, physical and mental wellness, societal and economic resources and that these will impact their response to neurological damage ( Brooker 2007:12 ) . Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) , have argued that this involves the presence or absence of Mental Capacity, which can be determined by two inquiries in order for the service user to hold the capacity to do the determination they should be able to grok and retain the information which is stuff to the determination, particularly as to the effects of doing or non doing the determination in inquiry . It is of import for the societal worker to take this into consideration when measuring a individual capacity and doing a professional judgement. The service user should besides be able to utilize the information and weigh it up as portion of the procedure of geting at a determination ( Marshall A ; Tibbs 200 6:34 ) . The societal worker should take into consideration that an person may retain capacity to do certain determinations such as, the pick of what to eat but, lack the capacity to do serious determinations such as pull offing their fundss i.e. paying measures. Harmonizing to the British medical association ( 2009 ) all grownups are assumed to hold mental capacity unless there is grounds to turn out this is non the instance. There are many factors which can impact a individual s capacity temporarily, such as desiccation, infection, medicine or weariness nevertheless premises about damage can non be based on age entirely or infirmity. It is of import for the assessor to speak with the individual when they are at their best taking in to consideration any physical jobs which could impact their cognitive ability. A broad spectrum of ability is found in people deemed to hold impaired competency, including those populating with dementedness or with learning disablements. It is of import, hence, to see each individual as an person. Disease or other factors can ensue in impermanent, fluctuating or digesting incapacity. British Medical Association ( 2009:34 ) . There are issues which need to be addressed before a individual is assessed to hold capacity or non such as, behavioral or cultural differences which are non indexs of impaired knowledge. On the other manus, determinations which come across as being rash or unconventional are non indictors of impaired knowledge either but can take to the procedure of a formal appraisal. It can go clear by speaking to a individual with dementedness if they have sufficient mental capacity to do peculiar determinations ; nevertheless, if this is non clear a GP or head-shrinker are frequently the best professionals to give a position, particularly if the individual has had old contact with them. It is critical to understand in these fortunes an appraisal can non be rushed and clip should be taken in looking at the individual medical history and the determination for which the individual is being assessed. An persons visual aspect and behavior demands to be taken into history e.g. if they suffer from a temper upset or a mental unwellness. If a individual has suffered from harm to the encephalon, such as a shot, this can do verbal communicating near impossible nevertheless it is non needfully an index of decreased mental capacity. Similarly, long term memory loss is non an index of decreased mental capacity nevertheless being unable to retain information long plenty to d o a determination would annul it. British Medical Association ( 2009 ) . If a individual has to do a serious determination and there is still doubt about their mental capacity it would be advised for a formal appraisal to be completed. If a individual lacks capacity it is normally possible to measure their ability through conversation, but if they refuse assessment, it can non continue unless required by tribunal. If it is clear a individual lacks mental capacity and they have nt given their consent determinations on their behalf are governed by the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Harmonizing to Brown A ; Barber ( 2008 ) , the Mental Capacity Act 2005 begins, in Section 1, by underscoring five cardinal rules to be followed whenever working within this model of the Act. These are to work with the individual with dementedness with the premise that they have capacity unless it is proven otherwise, non to handle the individual as unable to do determination unless all the stairss to assist them to make so hold been unsuccessful. The 3rd rule of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 emphasises non to handle a individual as unable to do determinations for themselves merely because the individual may do an unwise determination and a determination made, under this Act, on the behalf of a individual who lacks capacity must be done, or made, their best involvement . The concluding key rule of the Act is: Before the act is done, or the determination is made, see must be had to whether the intent for which it is needed can be as efficaciously achieved in a manner that is less restrictive of the individual s rights and freedom of action Brown A ; Barber ( 2008:5-6 ) . The 3rd component of the person-centred attack is looking at the universe from the position of the individual with dementedness, recognizing that each individual s experience has its ain psychological cogency, that people with dementia act from this position and that empathy with this position has its ain curative potency ( Brooker 2007:63 ) . The assessment procedure will dwell of many countries that should see their environment, such as their place and fundss many persons with early dementedness retain the capacity to finish an digesting power of lawyer which at a ulterior day of the month can be registered ( Brooker 2007:67 ) . The Mental Capacity Act 2005 includes the Lasting Powers of Attorney ( subdivision 9-12 and 22-23 ) . A Lasting Power of Attorney in subdivision 9 ( 1 ) as: a power of lawyer under which the giver ( P ) confers on the done ( or beneficiaries ) authorization to do determinations about all or any of the following- P s personal public assistance or specified affairs refering P s personal public assistance, and P s belongings and personal businesss or specified affairs refering P s belongings and personal businesss, and which includes authorization to do such determinations in fortunes where P no longer has capacity. ( Brown A ; Barber 2008:41 ) . The societal worker will besides measure safety and hazard. Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2008:44 ) argue as dementedness progresses the hazard of ego disregard, development and roving may find a individual s ability to populate entirely, while hazards posed to other from driving and abuse of gas contraptions may do great concern still . In this state of affairs the degree of this would be excessively high for that individual to go on to populate within their place environment due to wellness and safety grounds. This may ensue in the usage of the Mental Health Act 1983 for the intent of lasting residential adjustment or 24 hr attention by household members or carers. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Section 2 refers to the diagnostic trial which is narrowed down to the functional trial in order to place the smallest country of decision-making to use for the incapacity trial. Further in the Act, Section 3 provides the trial which should be used to find a individual s mental capacity on a peculiar determination e.g. refusal of medicine. The Section 3 trial is to set up whether a individual is able to understand information relevant to the determination and if they are able to retain to information. The individual is besides tested of their abilities to utilize or burden that information as portion of the procedure of doing the determination or if they can pass on efficaciously sing the determination ( by speaking, utilizing gestural linguistic communication, or any other manner ) Brown A ; Barber ( 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, anyone involved in the attention or support of a individual could hold a say in the capacity appraisal, which would normally include, household members, wellness and societal attention workers, but most significantly physicians, head-shrinker and psychologists appraisals would be important. Typically the people who are responsible to transport out capacity appraisals are nurse practicians, societal workers, physicians and neuropsychologists ( Halton Council 2008 ) . There five cardinal rules of the mental capacity act 2005 have to be considered if a professional is to make an appraisal with a individual diagnosed with dementedness. It is of import that the societal worker begins with the premise that the individual has capacity. It is besides of import for the societal worker to understand a individual s visual aspect or diagnosing is non a mark of a deficiency of capacity, hence foregrounding the demand to document accurate information for sing that a individual may non hold capacity in relation to a specific determination. The societal worker has to see mental capacity issues throughout the appraisal as they would put on the line and safeguarding issues, observing the particular countries which raise concern. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice provinces: Where appraisals of capacity relate to daily determinations and caring actions, no formal appraisal processs or recorded certification will be required . ( Davies 2008:8 ) The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice, gives counsel on when there is a demand for a clearly documented appraisal. This is where a determination which needs to be made has major effects, such as a determination to alter adjustment or a determination to accept or worsen support at place. Another ground for a clearly documented appraisal may be if there is a dispute with the individual, their household or the attention squad, as to the capacity of the person . The individual who may necessitate the appraisal may be capable to dispute hence necessitating an appraisal for capacity or there may be legal effects of happening capacity . ( Davies 2008:9 ) One chief ground for a individual to hold an appraisal for capacity is to cut down the hazard the individual poses to themselves in footings of preventable agony or harm ( Davies 2008 ) . Not all of these fortunes are exact and require professional opinion and on-going supervising. Davies ( 2008 ) explains in some fortunes the ca pacity for an person may be related to a specific determination at a specific point in clip therefore, the demand for an ongoing appraisal for capacity may be required. Brown and Barber ( 2008 ) discourse the construct best involvements in respects to the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The Act 2005 states that one important rule is that if a determination is made for or, on the behalf of person else who lacks capacity must be done, or made in that individual s best involvement . This rule applies to anyone who is transporting out the duty for doing the determination such as a household member, paid worker or carer, an lawyer, a court-appointed deputy or wellness professionals. Brown and Barber ( 2008 ) assert the demand for people who have the duty for doing other peoples determinations, being familiar with the Act s new demands for the checklist attack. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 new checklist attack is set out to incorporate common factors which should be measured on every juncture a determination is to be made. The Law Commission ( 1995, para 3.28 ) First, a checklist must non unduly burden any decision-maker or promote unneeded intercession ; secondly it must non be applied excessively stiffly and should go forth room for all considerations relevant to the peculiar instance ; thirdly, it should be confined to major points, so that it can accommodate to altering positions and attitudes. A individual who has the duty to do determinations on the behalf of person who lacks capacity should see the undermentioned stairss to guarantee the best involvement of that individual. These stairss are to foremost promote engagement, which is for the individual doing the determination to make their uttermost to promote and back up the individual with dementedness to take portion in doing the determination, secondly place all relevant fortunes, this is to seek include all the things the individual who lacks capacity would normally take into consideration if they were doing the determination themselves. Third, happen out the individual s positions who lacks capacity such as their yesteryear, present wants and feelings, any beliefs and values, and any other factors which the individual would normally see. An of import factor is to avoid favoritism and non do statements about a individual best involvement because of their age, visual aspect or diagnosing. It is necessary to see wheth er the individual might recover capacity, if so can the determination delay until so? Finally, the individual doing the determination should see if the determination concerns vital intervention, and should non do premises about how the individual should or should nt populate ( Falconer 2007 ) . The Mental Capacity Act 2005 besides include confer withing others an a cardinal facet of sing how a individual best involvement could be meet efficaciously. If it is appropriate to make so, discuss with other people for their sentiments about the individuals best involvement, as they may hold information about the individual wants and feelings. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 province the people that should be consulted are: anyone antecedently named by the individual as person to be consulted on either the determination in inquiry or no similar issues, anyone engaged in caring for the individual, near comparative, friends or others who take an involvement in the individual s public assistance, any lawyer, and any deputy appointed by the Court of Protection to do determinations for the individual . ( Brown and Barber 2008:34 ) If the determination is for an of import medical intervention and there is no 1 to confabulate with so an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate ( IMCA ) must be consulted. In safeguarding concerns if a individual is deemed to hold no capacity affecting a specific type of hazard and determinations, and household members are deemed inappropriate, it is indispensable that a IMCA is involved in of import safeguarding probes in supplying best involvement determinations for the person. The Independent Mental Capacity ( IMCA ) Service was a late enterprise to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and has been available since October 2007. Section 35 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 highlights the chief intent of IMCA, which is to back up and stand for the individual concerned, to set up their wants and feelings and to supervise that the Acts rules and the checklist are being met. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, high spots that a decision-maker does more than doing a determination on person behalf who lacks capacity, but besides ensures the individuals human rights are met. The Mental Health Act 1983 has a procedure whereby they are able to confine people who are mentally broken which in specific fortunes would be an appropriate response, nevertheless the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have a different attack seeing restraint as deprivation of autonomy . When a individual is said to lack capacity it is hard for them to make up ones mind about being in a peculiar topographic point and is in consequence deprived of their autonomy, and there are several options which could be taken: scale down the degree of limitations to what would be seen as a limitation of motion instead than a want of autonomy arrange an appraisal under the Mental Health Act with a position to utilizing its powers make an application to the Court of Protection to do a personal public assistance determinations follow the new Bournewood process consider short-run or exigency usage of common jurisprudence powers . ( Brown A ; Barber 2008 p.39 ) The Bournewood Judgement involved an NHS trust to take an autistic adult male unable to talk and limited apprehension from a twenty-four hours Centre to an in-patient unit without his consent. In 2004, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the households view that detainment under the Common Law of an incapable patient utilizing the best involvement statement was improper because it was excessively arbitrary ( Marshall A ; Tibbs 2006:43 ) . If people are to be deprived of their autonomy, there must be some lawful justification and some precautions. For patients with mental unwellness, usage of mental wellness statute law should be considered if the patients run into the statutory demands. The Bournwood Judgment marked a important measure forwards in the acknowledgment of the rights of unqualified persons ( British Medical Association 2009:87 ) . It besides enforced to the authorization and rights of older people with impaired capacity. The 4th component of person-centred attention is turn outing a supportive societal environment, recognizing that all human life is grounded in relationships and that people with dementedness need an enriched societal environment which both compensates for their damage and Fosters chances for personal growing ( Brooker 2007:83 ) . This is position of sing the societal environment of a individual with dementedness is supported by the societal theoretical account as it is based upon a individual environment and societal circumstance, sing dementedness as an impairment which consequences in a individual going unable to work as a normal individual. This is a positive mentality on dementedness as it can follow a rehabilitation attack leting opportunity for alteration and doing the experience of dementedness a better one, whereas, on the other manus the medical theoretical account which argues otherwise which is frequently a pessimistic position. Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) book expands the constructs of rehabilitation to include teamwork, working with households, prosthetic devices, taking causes of extra disablement, larning motive and concentrating on what the chief job is which needs to be addressed. Whilst working with older people societal workers must retrieve to work in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive mode at all phases, such as, an appraisal, planning and intercession. The person-centred model enables a societal worker who works aboard people diagnosed with dementedness to understand at that place medical conditions and to supply a bundle of attention at a deeper degree and to supply them with many chances in taking a valued and carry throughing life. These criterions are underpinned by values and moralss that must back up the development and bringing of pattern. These include a societal worker showing regard for an single, keeping trust and keeping confidentiality. Other values consist of apprehension and doing usage of schemes to dispute favoritism, disadvantage and other signifiers of inequality and unfairness ( Crawford A ; Walker 2009 ) . Butler A ; Lewis ( 1973 p.30 ) argue: Ageism can be seen as a procedure of systematic stereotyping of and favoritism against people because they are old, merely as racism and sexism accomplish this for skin coloring material and gender . Crawford A ; Walker ( 2009 ) argue that working with in older people may include people who are vulnerable, who may be oppressed and disadvantaged nevertheless, each individual is single and have their procedure of acquiring older ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2009:34 ) therefore it is of import to handle each individual separately. Whilst working with older people it is indispensable to see a whole scope of issues such as showing consciousness of the legal, policy, and political context of the work being completed, combined with an in-depth apprehension of the experiences of that older individual in their specific state of affairs. The societal worker must be attentive to potentially opprobrious state of affairss, whilst at the same clip working in a multidisciplinary mode with other relevant professionals and administrations. Social workers must work towards developing a holistic attack to help their pattern in working with older people as it allows them to take into history the indivi duals state of affairs in society and the values and moralss of societal work. Overall the chief rule to measure a individual diagnosed with dementedness is to retrieve to presume the individual has capacity if proved otherwise. Once an appraisal is completed and the appropriate professionals are consulted and it is deemed that the individual is deemed to miss capacity so it is critical to work towards the individual best involvement guaranting them of their human rights. This is done by utilizing the checklist attack guaranting all the factors are covered before a determination is made. The individual who has the duty for make the determination on person behalf could be a professional, household relation, Power of Attorney or an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate. All these issues must be considered whilst working with person who lacks capacity. It is important when measuring and finding a individual s mental capacity to take into consideration all facets of the individual s life, wellness and of import determinations that require to be made. It is besides i ndispensable that the societal worker has to take into consideration that a mental capacity is based on a specific facet of a individuals capacity for illustration managing fundss, lodging etc. Word Count: 4,740

How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essays

How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essays How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essay How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essay Certainly there Is a clear hierarchy of spying within the book, starting with the minor characters, such as the children In the close who also participate In paying. They spy on each other and adults and make clear assumptions on their actively. Indeed when a police man visits the close the children take It Into their own hands to speculate the reason for his visit that peeping Tom was hanging around again last night, the fact that its children spying makes it seem mischievous and less Similarly, the game of spying is usually associated as a game that young serious. Sys would play: Frayne shows that is not always the case. Barbara Berries is presented as a typical young girl pulling girlish faces and making girlish gestures. Frayne repeatedly showed her as giggling and described her leather bag as having a girlishly quality to it, but Barbara was also involved in the interfering act of spying l always know if youre hiding in here. Frayne adds a new dimension to the theme of spying sh owing that everyone is guilty of it. Its not just children in the novel who are involved in the act of spying the adults are also seen as types of spies. Keith and Stephen both believed Kiths parents were some sort of spies Keith states that his father was involved with the secret service ND they both believed Mrs. Hayward was a German spy. Although we know at the end of the novel that Kiths mother was not in fact a German spy and we do not truly know If Kiths father was actually involved in the secret service, this assumption of the two characters relates them to the theme and title of the novel. Thought the novel Stephen talks highly of Kiths family but mentions little of his own. He finds his own family boring doing a Job, too dull to describe Stephen finds his family, too ordinary. The little we do know about his father Is that he was Like omen mild natured furry animal In the last chapter of the novel we discover that Stephens perceptions of his family were entirely wrong actually there were two German spies In the close. We uncover that Stephens father was from Germany and was working for the British military Intelligence. The title of the novel Is plural which Is appropriate as all characters participate In the aspect of spying In terms of context the title Is hugely relevant. The lives of the children are set In world war two. During those times children were surrounded by propaganda of the war and knew of he war effort. Children probably knew that their country was fighting an enemy but didnt truly know the whole facts of the situation similarly to when the children in the close knew there were neighbors living in the street that were different to the rest AT ten monologues. I en CNN learn Dealer ten strange residents were Juice we as readers know that they mean Jews. In the end of the novel we find out the true facts which were that they were actually Greeks. During the war the children were likely to know that something dangerous was going on and my have felt unsafe in their roundings this may have led to the reason why many of the children in the novel feel the need to spy. They may feel that that they can not trust any one not even their own parents as they could be the enemy. The term spy can be seen in two ways, an important person on a secret mission or a deceitful person who is disloyal. There are many examples of deceitfulness throughout the novel. Stephen appears to be Kiths best friend and sticks by him even though no one else likes him everyone except you really hates him but his loyalty seems to fade towards the end of the evolve. When the children in the close harass Keith on the appearance of the policeman, Stephen knows he should speak up and explain the situation but chooses not to, Vive ceased to be his friend; Vive become one of the mob. Stephen knows he is Kiths only friend and decides not to help him in his time of need. Mrs. Hayward is presented by Stephen as almost angelic grace and serenity but she is not what she seems. Her calmness and tranquility is false, behind her perfect exterior hides a life of violence and torture from her controlling husband. Although she is portrayed as Ewing very feminine and elegant, Stephen describes her as having grace and composure, Mrs. Hayward has an immense amount of self control. When she sees Mr. Hayward holding the basket she shows no reaction of panic Oh thank you she says calmly. Knowing what may lay a head of her, will be a terrifying ordeal from her husband Mrs. Hayward reacts very courageous, far from the simple, polished house wife Stephen portrayed her to be. Although Keith and Stephens allegations of Mrs. Hayward being a German spy were a bit far fetched, Stephen and Keith were right n the fact that she was up to something secretive. Mrs. Hayward was clandestinely visiting Uncle Peter in the barns behind her husbands back. She then stops the visits when Mr. Hayward finds out, she not only deceives her husband by these surreptitious visits, she also betrays Uncle Peter by turning her back on him and not visiting. The title can be seen in many ways. It can be seen as summing up the theme of the book which the title of spies succeeded in very well. Stating the main theme at the beginning of the book encourages the reader to focus on it. If the title of spies was named after another theme such as childhood the reader would focus more on the childhood elements of the book and may miss out essential bits. To conclude I believe spies is an appropriate title for this novel as it sums up the book in one simple word. It describes the characters and theme, and it adds mystery right from the very beginning. The word spies implies someone uncovering something secretive which grabs the readers attention before they have even read it! The story its self is a simple one so a short, simple title fits in well.

Demand - Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Demand - Managerial Economics - Essay Example The vertical axis lists the price per unit or per lot of the product. The demand curve in a model shows the firms theoretical sales level at various prices along the line. The downward curve is explained by the fact that as price falls there is a corresponding increase in the sales volume. The downward slope means that the elasticity coefficient drawn from the line is a negative number. However, economists have done away with the negative sign of that elasticity and have expressed it as an absolute number. Another point to remember is that the straight-line demand curve does not have a uniform elasticity of 1 (also termed unit elasticity) at all points of the line; rather, the curve is elastic above the mid-point and inelastic below that midpoint. Fig. 1 The demand curve in green shows a straight line with varying elasticities at different points (D2), while internal curved line in red shows a demand curve with uniform price elasticity of 1 (D1). companys pricing policies. The firm would use the demand curve in discussing the consequences of alternative output and pricing policies on the revenue targets over a certain future period. Since revenue is simply the product of price and output (see Fig. 1), management would explore the various price and output alternatives en route to decision making by its marketing and production departments Price elasticity (Ep) of demand is the ratio of the percentage change in quantity and the percentage change in a goods price, all other things remaining unchanged. Algebraically, this is expressed in the following simple equation: where P and Q are the price and quantity, respectively. This formula assumes point elasticity for the sake of simplicity, although an arc price elasticity, which uses average figures for each variable, may also be used. For this paper, the use of point elasticity would enable sufficient understanding of the elasticity

Sterling college scholarship opportunity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sterling college scholarship opportunity - Essay Example   However, apart from helping me in my Christianity life, I believe Sterling College is the ideal place that can pursue my career from. I would like to study biology in this college and specialize in medicine as a cancer doctor specifically for children, which is my dream career. Since my childhood, I have always inspired to become a doctor so that I can help to relieve people pain, and even save the lives of those who die as a result of lack of medical services. During my holidays, one of the things I like ding most is visiting the less fortunate specifically the sick and aged. During such times, when I visit the sick in hospitals I always meet children who are diagnosed with cancer. Though being with them give me the joy of knowing that am showing passion to others I still feel I have a duty to do more than that. As such I believe that pursuing a career in medicine will place me in a better place to help such children and others and most importantly help me to achieve my dream.St erling college is the only institution with the adequate resources and a conducive environment for me to pursue this career. Additionally, in line with its mission, â€Å" to develop creative and thoughtful leaders who understand a maturing Christian faith†( internationalstudent.com) , Sterling college will not only help me to became a professional but also a Christian professional who can do my job not necessarily for the purpose of earning a living but most importantly do it for the glory of the God.

Leadership Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Theory - Essay Example According to the literature on leadership, it is necessary for every person to work out his/her personal strategy of leadership skills development and try to live and act in compliance with them. There are a lot of theories created in order to explain the peculiarities of each leadership style. If a person is acquainted with such styles, he or she can easily find the most appropriate for him/her. The knowledge of styles can help achieve the desired goals. The given paper will provide the overview of leadership and describe the theories as well as their pluses and minuses. Also the situations, where a person can use that or this theory in the best way will be described. â€Å"Leadership is diving for a loose ball, getting the crowd involved, getting other players involved. It's being able to take it as well as dish it out. That's the only way you're going to get respect from the players (Bird cited in Groves, 2006). Despite the fact that the qualification of manager is very popular i n the modern world, the demand for good managers is still growing. â€Å"Management is efficiency in climbing the ladder of success; leadership determines whether the ladder is leaning against the right wall† (Covey cited in Groves 2006). The fast development of business demands real professionals in the field of management. The organizations with the structure that prescribes self-management are very typical nowadays. Moreover, with the fast development of computers and informational technologies any kind of information becomes accessible for people within a shorter period of time. Nevertheless, no one can underestimate the importance of good managers, people that can not only organize the work, but organize it in stressful situations, which are so common for the modern business world. The question is how to become a good manager. Many scientists claim that success in any major can be reached not due to the talent, but due to the hard work. In order to become a good manager, one has to be acquainted with the main features that a future leader has to acquire. A good manager should know about his/her capabilities. A leader should always have many ideas: â€Å"If you have ideas, you have the main asset you need, and there isn't any limit to what you can do with your business and your life. Ideas are any man's greatest asset† (Firestone cited in Rok 2009). It is necessary to improve the leadership skills and be self-assured. It is important to be sociable, but at the same time it is essential to remember that the sociability should stay somewhere between the extremes. If you cannot find common language with people or they irritate you, you can’t be a leader. It is also important to understand that your success strongly depends on the faith of your subordinates. In the modern business world the main task of a good manager is not just to control others, but rather to inform the team about the plans and goals and supervise the implementation pro cess. A good manager should possess good leadership skills and know how to apply them. The team should feel the presence of their manager even if the manager is absent. It is not easy to be a leader. According to Bushnell â€Å"Everyone who's ever taken a shower has an idea. It's the person who gets out of the shower, dries off and does something about it who makes a difference† (Bushnell cite din Graetz, 2000) The leader should be neither too

The Current Firewall Technology Computer Science Essay

The Current Firewall Technology Computer Science Essay Currently firewall technology as a specialized engineering solution rather than a scientifically based solution. Currently firewall is classified in to three category packet filtering, proxy server, and stateful firewall. This paper is main focus on the various type of firewall available and their pros and cons. Originally computer network was design for data communication to share the resources. The sharing of resources was bounded between universities. Eventually businesses, corporations, government agencies were begun to use internet. So network become vital part of their institution. Computer networking, however, is not without risks as Howard illustrates in his analysis of over 4000 security incidents on the Internet between 1989 and 1995 [1]. A neutral approach to network protection draws from several other fields, such as physical security, personnel security, operations security, communication security, and social mechanisms. [2] According to definition firewall is a set of mechanisms that can enforce a network domain security policy on communication traffic entering or leaving a network policy domain [3]. In simple word firewall is guard point which gives control point of entry or exit from computer or network. It is a first line of defence and it is also a contact point of the netw ork. It is very important to choose and design firewall to guard inside network from outside attack. Case Study Figure 1: ABC.Ltd network [6] Above figure shows our case study network . Consider a case where company ABC.Ltd want to implement a firewall for their campus design. Company whole network is divided in to three parts, inside network, Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and outside network. Inside network has ip address 10.1.1.0/24. DMZ is further divided in to two sub section; one is protected DMZ which has ip address 192.168.11.0/24 and dirty DMZ which is dump host whose ip address is 192.168.1.0/24. Dump host is a computer which got nothing important in it. These dump hosts are act as a honey pot which is use to lure attacker so that network security designer know different type of attack and help them to design security policy. DMZ is a zone where company put their services like web services, FTP services etc. Company has remote office which uses secure VPN to connect to the main campus network. There are different type of firewall technology which are packet filtering, proxy server and stateful firewall, Network Address Translation (NAT),Software firewall. Each firewall has their advantages and disadvantages. Rest portion of this paper is describe pro and cons of different firewall. Packet Filtering This is one of the simple types of firewall. This firewall is work on OSI layer 3 and 4.It filter packet by looking at IP address, TCP/UDP port number. It compare the incoming packet against pre define rule configure in to the router. After comparing router make decision to allow or deny the packet [4]. An access list is used to create rule to make decision. Figure shows the working of the packet filtering firewall. Figure 2: Packet Filtering in Router [4] Pros The simplest of the firewall technologies to configure. Only required access list to configure the firewall. Packet filtering capabilities are easily available in many hardware and software routing products, both commercially and they are freely available over the Internet. It is less processor intensive. Adding a filtering rule to a router produces little or no additional performance overhead. It is use for all type of application because it operates at the OSI layer 3 (Network) and layer 4 (Transport) layer. Only one router is required to protect entire network. Cons The packet filter has no intelligent to identify the authenticity of source. A well trained intruder can spoof inside IP address and can fool the firewall as the packet is from inside network. Since filtering rule is configuring manually it add administrative workload. Adding complex rule to the firewall decrease the router performance. In some cases, the filtering is incompatible with certain caching Strategies commonly used for performance enhancement. Some policies cannot readily be enforced by normal packet filtering routers. Example The following example shows how to build basic packet filtering firewall Consider a scenario of company whose inside network is lying in IP address range 10.1.1.0/24. Ethernet 0/1 is inside interface and Ethernet 0/0 is outside interface. To protect against IP spoofing attack following access list policy is configure Access list 100 deny ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 127.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 172.16.0.0 0.15.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 224.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip host 255.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 permit ip any 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 Interface Ethernet 0/0 Ip access-group 100 in An access list is basic tool to configure for packet filtering. Generally all routers support this tool. Above example is configured and tested on Cisco router. There are free download is available on internet few examples are Tuneup 1.0, Truxtis, Visnetic. Packet filtering firewall is simple in configuring and freely available on internet it is good solution for small business where not much complex firewall implementation is required. In our case study implementation of packet filtering is not a wise solution. A simple reason is it is very cumbersome. Example shows that just to stop ip spoofing we need to configure eight commands. Sometime it is difficult to troubleshoot and manage for network administrator. Application Layer Firewall Application Layer Firewall is also known as a proxy server. According to dictionary meaning of proxy is A person authorized to act for another; an agent or substitute. Same definition is valid for proxy server in network security. Proxy server is a software package install on device and act behalf of protected network which allows or denies access across network [5, 7]. Figure 3: Proxy Server [4] Above figure shows the working of proxy server. Proxy server works at layer 7 of Open System Interconnection (OSI) system model [4]. It intercepts and established the connection behalf of internal host to the outside network. As shown in figure when inside network is trying to connect outside network, application layer firewall which is install on router is intercept the secession and check the request is valid or not. If it is not valid request it discard the packet and if it is a valid request it repackage the request and send it to outside network as the packet is send by itself. When outside network response the request proxy server repackaged the response and sends it back to the original inside network. In some case proxy server block all connection from outside network and allowed only inside network to go outside. The only traffic is allowed from outside is the response from outside network to inside network. In some case both inbound and outbound traffic is allowed but under strict observation [4, 5, 7]. Example A good example, and the one we probably see the most, is a web proxy. When configured to use a proxy, your web browser contacts the proxy server for each web access instead of going directly to the target server on the internet. The proxy server then turns around and makes the real request of the web server. The proxy server gets the response, and then passes it back to you. Another example is proxy server is Tibia proxy which is game proxy server. Tibia is a popular multiplayer online computer game hosted on Internet servers. To play Tibia requires establishing a network connection to TCP port 7171 on the server. Depending on your network setup and your Internet Service Provider (ISP), your direct connection to the Tibia server and ability to play the game may be blocked by a network firewall or proxy server. Setting up a Tibia proxy avoids this common connection problem. A Tibia proxy is a special Internet server (separate from the game server) that does not require a port 7171 connection. Instead, the Tibia proxy server will accept requests on alternative network ports (such as port 80) that will typically not be restricted by firewalls / proxies. The Tibia proxy, in turn, makes its own direct connection to the game server (on port 7171) and translates messages between the Tibia server and your client in real time to allow game play [8]. Pros Act as an intermediary between outside network and protected network. It prevent direction connection between source and destination It is application aware firewall so that it can analyzes application inside the payload Support user level authentication It able to log the traffic and can do user level authentication Cons It is processor intensive so it is slower than packet filtering Need to configure internal client about proxy server Sometime it does not support all type of application. For example Sling Player 2.0 does not supported by proxy server. It is single point failure. Proxy server is install on device so if that device gets compromised then whole security compromised. Stateful Packet Filtering Figure 4: Stateful Firewall [4] In the mid-1990s, packet filters and proxy servers were the two technologies used to build firewall systems. As the number of applications that needed to pass through firewalls increased, proxy server vendors could not keep up with the development of new proxy servers. On the other hand, packet filtering also could not support the dynamic nature of the many modern applications. Thus, a new technology was born [4, 11]. Stateful packet filtering is a combination of packet filtering and application level gateway firewall [11]. It contains advantages of both. It is also refer as a application aware firewall. Stateful firewall not only examines IP header information but also up to application layer information for better inspection. The working of stateful firewall is as follow. When host from inside network send a packet to outside network it check authorization of the network and if it is authorized then it allow the packet outside the network and maintain state table. State table is a table which keep track of the active network connection which is TCP secession or UDP communication passing across it. This is also called as saving of state. When destination network respond to the initial request it compare the response with the information saved in state table to allow or denied the packet [11]. Example Cisco Adaptive Security Appliances in short Cisco ASA [9], Cisco PIX firewall, Check Point [10] are example of stateful firewall. Pros It work at network level and transport level but also at application layer It is not a processor intensive as proxy server Temporarily open the outside port so it reduces the possibility of attack that work against static packet filtering. Because of the state table it is faster than application layer gateway Support almost all the services. Cons It allows direct connection to inside host once the request to enter the network is granted. An attacker may exploit the vulnerability of that host and poison the network. It required skill knowledge of different type of traffic and attacks Network Address Translation This is one of the simplest methods to protect inside network. Network Address Translation (NAT) is quite similar to the packet filtering. When it configure on router it translate internal private network to outside public network. It maintain translation table so when reply come from outside to inside it send back to correct host. There are three type of NAT static NAT, dynamic NAT, port address translation (PAT) [12]. Pros It is very simple to configure It hide private network behind one public IP address Unlikely proxy server it does not requires any configuration on inside host. Cons It is difficult to troubleshoot end-to-end NAT cause problem when Virtual Private Network (VPN) is configured Like packet filter firewall it work at network and transport level of OSI model so it translate packet based on ip address Personal Firewall The personal firewall is an application which is install on computer to protect personal computer from different virus and different kind of attack [13]. It allow or deny request from computer based on configure policies. Many personal firewall like does intrusion detection. An example of this type firewall is Host Base Intrusion Prevention (HIPS) which block the communication if it finds any suspicious activity [14]. Pros Prompt user for outgoing connection Allow user to control which application is permitted to connect interne od LAN Dose auditing for all user of the computer Tell user that application is attempting to connect internet and gives information about destination server with which application want to connect It dose virus scanning automatically every day and remove them Cons It is an application running on host so it gives some load on CPU If system get affected by malware or spyware, it can modify the firewall cause security issue Recommendation By looking at different type of firewall and comparing their advantages and drawback we can conclude that stateful firewall is good solution for our scenario. The product like Cisco ASA or Check Point is ideal to guard against different type of attack. They also does intrusion detection and prevention and can virtualized these firewall which save cost of buying extra firewall.