A Reconstruction of the Freudian Unconscious :: Argumentative Psychology Psychological Papers

A Reconstruction of the Freudian Unconscious ABSTRACT: This paper sketches a reconstruction of the Freudian unconscious, as well as an argument for its existence. The strategy followed sidesteps the extended debates about the validity of Freud's methods and conclusions. People are argued to have, as ideal types, two fundamental modes of fulfilling their desires: engagement with reality and wishful thinking. The first mode acknowledges the constraints reality imposes on the satisfaction of desires, while the second mode ignores or denies these constraints, inasmuch as they threaten to make such satisfaction impossible or unfeasible. The more aware one is that wishful thinking is just that, the less effective it becomes. Wishful thinking thus requires an unconscious; it is inimical to a clear, complete and unambiguous acknowledgment of its own status. The unconscious is subsequently reconceptualized in non-Cartesian terms; it is largely constituted by semantic phenomena: forms of representation which would conceal their meaning e ven if the full light of 'attention,' Cartesian 'consciousness' or 'introspection' were cast upon them. If wishful thinking is an integral part of mental life, philosophers and others wishing to "educate humanity" will have to proceed very differently from what would have been appropriate had rational thought and action been the only available option for satisfying desires. "Mankind cannot bear too much reality": sketch for a reconstruction of the Freudian unconscious. Freud and his legacy remain controversial. Though often pronounced dead, they refuse to die. This paper is not meant as a wholesale defence of Freud. Its aim is limited: to show that any adequate theory of mind will have to posit something approximately like Freud's notion of the unconscious. It can also be read as a schematic statement of what I think must minimally be salvaged from Freud's notion of the unconscious. (1) Though Freud may need revision — radical revision, even — a wholesale rejection of his thought would cripple our ability to understand ourselves and each other. If philosophy would needs educate humanity, it should first let itself be educated, among others, by Freud and his legacy. 'The wish is father to the thought.' It is commonly acknowledged that when people cannot satisfy their desires by controlling reality, they engage in wishful thinking. In this paper I try to systematise the distinction between the two modes of dealing with desires: 'the realistic mode' and (for lack of a better term) 'wishful thinking'. They form the two ends of a continuum, not a dichotomy:

Humanist and Normative Approach

Soft HRM follows the harvard model – considers human capital as assets rather than resources. Hard HRM follows the michigen model – enforces the interests of the organisation rather than the progress of individuals. Humanist Approach – SOFT HRM (Harvard)  · Philosophy: A fair day’s work for a fair day’s pay. Organisational behaviour and the focus on corporate social responsibility. Companies see themselves as ethically conducted.  · Business objective: Increase productivity and profitability. Quality is secondary. They look to achieve optimum results Quality objective: Adequate quality to remain in business. Staff driven quality improvement approaches  · Information sharing: Limited information sharing as needed for job execution.  · Major decision makers: Manager, shareholders, customers, employees  · Employee involvement: Programme suggestions , plans individual employee awards, no formal system.  · Education and training: On the job t raining, feedback on the job performance – Results orientated, they measure results and evaluate them. Tend to look at the return on investment – hard to prove. g if in 2012 a company sells 600 products and in 2013 after training and development of staff this number increases to 1200, can we prove that this is in fact return on investment and due to the training.  · Reward structure: Design and administered by management  · Job security: Labour consider as a variable cost. Lay-off common during business downturn  · Use of symbols eg apple, Mcdonalds and Legal & General (Umbrella)  · Focus on personalities and attitudes- behavioural based. Encourages self assessment through appraisals. rawing up your own development plan and managers helping employees to achieve these or to make progress rather than managing people out when they are not meeting objectives. Source: http://www. shvoong. com/business-management/human-resources/1861903-comparison-traditional-human-r esource-approach/#ixzz2ONUzQ2fR Normative Approach – HARD HRM (Michigan) â€Å"The normative perspective of human resource management bases itself on the concepts of â€Å"hard HRM† and â€Å"soft HRM,† on which the foundations of human resource management rest. † [http://www. brighthubpm. om/resource-management/76151-exploring-different-perspectives-of-hr-management/]  · Concentration on strategic planning with vertical and horizontol integration of policy.  · Organisational culture with a key objective of retaining competitive advantage.  · ensuring all of the policies and procedures are current  · innovation  · Administration is become a lot more innovative – adapting/changing to current times. A lot of admin is now online using systems such as ADPs HR. Net – holiday etc is now requested and approved online rather than using a paper system. Employee benefit and reward often takes the form of welfare systems for example gym membe rships and paid sick leave  · Tend to have industrial relations eg trade unions and workforce representatives. Humanist approach tends to have more concern regarding employees progress, employee engagement and training/development of employees that may not necessarily directly improve the organisations output/productivity. Whereas a normative approach is more aligned with business strategy and integration of policy.

Carleton College Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Carleton College is a private liberal arts college with an acceptance rate of 20%. Located less than an hour from Minneapolis-St. Paul in the small town of Northfield, Minnesota, Carleton is one of the best schools in the Midwest. Features of Carletons campus include beautiful Victorian buildings, a state-of-the-art recreation center, and the 880-acre Cowling Arboretum. With about 2,000 students and over 200 faculty members, quality teaching is top priority at Carleton College. Strengths in the liberal arts and sciences earned Carleton a chapter of  Phi Beta Kappa, and the college typical ranks as one of the nations  ten best liberal arts colleges. On the athletic front, the school competes in the NCAA Division III Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC). Considering applying to this highly selective school? Here are the Carleton admissions statistics you should know. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Carleton College had an acceptance rate of 20%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 20 students were admitted, making Carletons admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 7,092 Percent Admitted 20% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 38% SAT Scores and Requirements Carleton College requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 52% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 670 750 Math 680 780 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Carletons admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Carleton scored between 670 and 750, while 25% scored below 670 and 25% scored above 750. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 680 and 780, while 25% scored below 680 and 25% scored above 780. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1530 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Carleton College. Requirements Carleton does not require the SAT writing section or SAT subject tests. Applicants may submit SAT Subject test scores to Carleton for consideration in their application review, but they are not required to do so. Note that Carleton participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. ACT Scores and Requirements Carleton requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 57% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile Composite 31 34 This admissions data tells us that most of Carletons admitted students fall within the top 5% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Carleton received a composite ACT score between 31 and 34, while 25% scored above 34 and 25% scored below 31. Requirements Note that Carleton does not superscore ACT results; your highest composite ACT score will be considered. Carleton does not require the ACT writing section. GPA Carleton College does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Carleton College Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Carleton College. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Carleton College has a competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Carleton has  a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. Strong  application essays and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities and a  challenging high school curriculum  that includes AP, IB, or Honors classes. While not required, Carleton offers optional interviews. Students with particularly compelling stories or achievements can still receive serious consideration even if their test scores are outside Carletons average range. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. You can see that the majority of accepted students had A averages, SAT scores (ERWM) above 1300, and ACT composite scores above 28. A successful application, however, needs more than good grades and test scores. If you look at the red and yellow on the graph, youll see that many students with high grades and test scores did not receive acceptance letters from Carleton. If You Like Carleton College, You May Also Like These Schools: Wesleyan UniversityVassar CollegeOberlin CollegeWashington University in St. LouisYale UniversityBowdoin CollegeHaverford CollegeStanford UniversityAmherst CollegeNorthwestern UniversityUniversity of ChicagoSwarthmore College All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Carleton College Undergraduate Admissions Office.