Dementedness Essay Example

Dementedness Paper The purpose of this assignment is to discourse how a societal worker would measure the mental capacity of a service user who has been diagnosed with dementedness. This essay will discourse the assorted significances of the different types of dementedness and how their mental wellness diagnosing affects an person s ability to do of import determinations in their lives. This essay will discourse how the Person-Centred Dementia Care ( VIPS ) model written by Tom Kitwood ( 1997 ) is able to steer the societal worker in using theoretical models and besides by using Law and measuring the specific capacity of a individual diagnosed with dementedness. This assignment will besides discourse how the citizenship, societal and medical theoretical accounts differentiate in their apprehensions and significances of dementedness. When measuring capacity it is of import to separate what type of capacity you are measuring. This could affect measuring determinations based on fiscal issues, lodging stat e of affairs, personal or domestic attention demands, the ability to measure hazard and safety, and besides sing their physical wellness attention demands. We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dementedness specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The societal worker is able to use the Mental Capacity Act 2005 to supply justification and counsel when measuring the service user s mental capacity. The societal worker will implement their professional opinion and answerability every bit good as work in a multidisciplinary mode and liaise with the GP, head-shrinker, brain doctor, community psychiatric nurse or community mental wellness squad. This would enable the societal worker to obtain more grounds and studies in finding the mental capacity of the service user. The societal worker will measure the mental capacity of a service user diagnosed with dementedness through any signifier of appraisal of demand i.e. safeguarding demands, support demands, lodging demands etc. It is besides of import to work in anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive mode when working aboard service users. The Alzheimer s society ( 2010 ) found that diagnosable dementedness occurs in 5 % of those aged 65 old ages and over and in approximately a one-fourth of those aged 85 old ages. Of those with dementedness, 50-60 % will hold Alzheimer s disease and a farther 10-15 % a vascular or multi-infarct dementedness. There are many signifiers of dementedness, which include potentially reversible unwellnesss, such as alcohol-related dementedness and those due to structural intracranial lesions. Dementia progresses as a really variable unwellness ; in the early phases patients with dementedness can go on to populate at place with the support of household and friends. As the unwellness progresses, this support needs to be supplemented with targeted aid to turn to facets of day-to-day life such as keeping nutrition, self-care and conformity with medicine. Tom Kitwood ( 1997 ) was the first author to utilize the term personhood in relation to people with dementedness. Kitwood ( 1997 ) defined personhood as a standing position that is bestowed upon human existences, by others, in the context of relationship and societal being, it implies acknowledgment, regard and trust ( Kitwood, 1997:16 ) . The person-centred dementedness attention model brings together thoughts and ways of working with the lived experience of people with dementedness that emphasised communicating and relationships. ( Kitwood 1997 cited Brooker 2007:14 ) . The person-centred attention involves four major elements, the first being valuing people with dementedness and those who care for them, advancing their citizenship rights and entitlements irrespective of age or cognitive damage Drake ( 1999:19 ) asserts ; Citizenship is more than consumerism, which is where the look of power is limited to doing picks or showing penchants it is about equality of chance and procedure although the result may be limited by the abilities of any person. There are many ways of understanding dementedness which consist of the medical theoretical account, the societal attack and the citizenship attack to dementia The citizenship attack to dementia is a new attack which concentrates on how people with dementedness can assist society in footings of political, and societal rights, speaking portion in work, leisure, political arguments and spiritual jubilation. This attack is based on reciprocality, which is why this is a new development as cipher was believing about the people diagnosed with dementedness as being able to give every bit good as receive. ..dementia depict a group of symptoms which result from the devastation of encephalon cells. Although dementedness is a physical unwellness, most of the symptoms and jobs caused by the unwellness require psychiatric expertness and attention. ( Brotchie 2003 p. 2 ) Dementia affects people s ability to retrieve things for more than a few seconds, make sense of the universe around them, header with day-to-day life undertakings and show their feelings. Other factors which affect people with dementedness are being able to believe clearly and work out jobs, make programs, unable header with an over-stimulating environment and happen it hard to act in a normal manner. Dementia is one of the chief conditions which are a consequence of mental confusion, memory loss, freak out, rational damage, or similar jobs. ( Mace et al 2006 ) . Brotchie ( 2003 ) found that different people may endure from different symptoms of dementedness, depending on their personality and their unwellness which lead to dementia. Brotchie ( 2003 ) outlines four most common symptoms of dementedness which are memory loss, alterations in personality, trouble in pass oning and loss of practical accomplishments. Memory loss is frequently a mark which occurs earlier and high spots something is non right, nevertheless could be mistaken for forgetfulness brought on my emphasis or feeling low in temper. A individual with dementedness may bit by bit bury where they are and how to acquire place ; hence underscoring there is a cognitive job. Peoples who may hold dementedness show alterations in their personality as people struggle to map with a limited thought capacity and over-react with mundane state of affairss and day-to-day undertakings. Peoples who are know to be unagitated may go aggressive or opprobrious, instead a individual know to be reserved before they became ailment may lose all societal suppressions. Changes in people s behavior are caused by harm to the encephalon and are non something the individual can command or forestall . ( Brotchie 2003 p.3 ) This position of harm to the encephalon as a cause of dementedness is supported by the medical theoretical account. The medical theoretical account dressed ores on encephalon harm and province at that place grounds by its nature of going worse as clip goes on. Jacques A ; Jackson ( 2000 p.4 ) emphasise the sum of ; tibbs 2006 p16 ..damage dementedness does to the lives of sick persons and those around them. It poses an tremendous challenge to wellness and societal services and to the community as a whole. Peoples diagnosed with dementedness may fight in doing themselves understood e.g. burying the name of simple objects or familiar people. They may besides happen it hard to do sense of what is being said to them as a consequence being unable to transport out instructions. Peoples with dementedness may bury things a few proceedingss after they have been told which is done by error and non knowing. Another symptom which may happen with a individual who has dementedness is holding serious jobs with transporting out simple undertakings such as binding a shoe lacing or making up a nothing, other undertakings such as feeding, dressing and rinsing go more hard as the unwellness becomes worse. The bulk signifiers of dementedness are irreversible, there are limited interventions but the most assist a individual can acquire is from their household to program for the best signifier of attention in the hereafter. It is critical for a physician at this phase to be involved in the individuals atten tion and intervention ( Brotchie 2003 ) . Cantley and Bowe ( 2004 ) found that there can be other causes for these symptoms which may non be linked to dementia such as a general medical unwellness, drug toxicity or a life altering event. In the more advanced phases of the illness dependance additions and there is frequently the demand for residential or nursing attention. Issues of capacity and consent are of import at many phases of dementedness and peculiarly affect fiscal issues, ability to measure hazard and safety, and besides determinations over physical health care ( British Medical Association ( 2009 ) . Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) found that the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which followed the Adult with Incapacity Act 2000, means that we are more able to offer protection in jurisprudence to grownups who lack mental capacity, including people diagnosed with dementedness. A major alteration to this jurisprudence emphasised that presumption against deficiency of capacity , which means a individual is now presumed to be capable of doing their ain determinations until proven otherwise. The 2nd component from the person-centred model consists of treating people as persons taking into consideration their alone personality, physical and mental wellness, societal and economic resources and that these will impact their response to neurological damage ( Brooker 2007:12 ) . Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) , have argued that this involves the presence or absence of Mental Capacity, which can be determined by two inquiries in order for the service user to hold the capacity to do the determination they should be able to grok and retain the information which is stuff to the determination, particularly as to the effects of doing or non doing the determination in inquiry . It is of import for the societal worker to take this into consideration when measuring a individual capacity and doing a professional judgement. The service user should besides be able to utilize the information and weigh it up as portion of the procedure of geting at a determination ( Marshall A ; Tibbs 200 6:34 ) . The societal worker should take into consideration that an person may retain capacity to do certain determinations such as, the pick of what to eat but, lack the capacity to do serious determinations such as pull offing their fundss i.e. paying measures. Harmonizing to the British medical association ( 2009 ) all grownups are assumed to hold mental capacity unless there is grounds to turn out this is non the instance. There are many factors which can impact a individual s capacity temporarily, such as desiccation, infection, medicine or weariness nevertheless premises about damage can non be based on age entirely or infirmity. It is of import for the assessor to speak with the individual when they are at their best taking in to consideration any physical jobs which could impact their cognitive ability. A broad spectrum of ability is found in people deemed to hold impaired competency, including those populating with dementedness or with learning disablements. It is of import, hence, to see each individual as an person. Disease or other factors can ensue in impermanent, fluctuating or digesting incapacity. British Medical Association ( 2009:34 ) . There are issues which need to be addressed before a individual is assessed to hold capacity or non such as, behavioral or cultural differences which are non indexs of impaired knowledge. On the other manus, determinations which come across as being rash or unconventional are non indictors of impaired knowledge either but can take to the procedure of a formal appraisal. It can go clear by speaking to a individual with dementedness if they have sufficient mental capacity to do peculiar determinations ; nevertheless, if this is non clear a GP or head-shrinker are frequently the best professionals to give a position, particularly if the individual has had old contact with them. It is critical to understand in these fortunes an appraisal can non be rushed and clip should be taken in looking at the individual medical history and the determination for which the individual is being assessed. An persons visual aspect and behavior demands to be taken into history e.g. if they suffer from a temper upset or a mental unwellness. If a individual has suffered from harm to the encephalon, such as a shot, this can do verbal communicating near impossible nevertheless it is non needfully an index of decreased mental capacity. Similarly, long term memory loss is non an index of decreased mental capacity nevertheless being unable to retain information long plenty to d o a determination would annul it. British Medical Association ( 2009 ) . If a individual has to do a serious determination and there is still doubt about their mental capacity it would be advised for a formal appraisal to be completed. If a individual lacks capacity it is normally possible to measure their ability through conversation, but if they refuse assessment, it can non continue unless required by tribunal. If it is clear a individual lacks mental capacity and they have nt given their consent determinations on their behalf are governed by the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Harmonizing to Brown A ; Barber ( 2008 ) , the Mental Capacity Act 2005 begins, in Section 1, by underscoring five cardinal rules to be followed whenever working within this model of the Act. These are to work with the individual with dementedness with the premise that they have capacity unless it is proven otherwise, non to handle the individual as unable to do determination unless all the stairss to assist them to make so hold been unsuccessful. The 3rd rule of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 emphasises non to handle a individual as unable to do determinations for themselves merely because the individual may do an unwise determination and a determination made, under this Act, on the behalf of a individual who lacks capacity must be done, or made, their best involvement . The concluding key rule of the Act is: Before the act is done, or the determination is made, see must be had to whether the intent for which it is needed can be as efficaciously achieved in a manner that is less restrictive of the individual s rights and freedom of action Brown A ; Barber ( 2008:5-6 ) . The 3rd component of the person-centred attack is looking at the universe from the position of the individual with dementedness, recognizing that each individual s experience has its ain psychological cogency, that people with dementia act from this position and that empathy with this position has its ain curative potency ( Brooker 2007:63 ) . The assessment procedure will dwell of many countries that should see their environment, such as their place and fundss many persons with early dementedness retain the capacity to finish an digesting power of lawyer which at a ulterior day of the month can be registered ( Brooker 2007:67 ) . The Mental Capacity Act 2005 includes the Lasting Powers of Attorney ( subdivision 9-12 and 22-23 ) . A Lasting Power of Attorney in subdivision 9 ( 1 ) as: a power of lawyer under which the giver ( P ) confers on the done ( or beneficiaries ) authorization to do determinations about all or any of the following- P s personal public assistance or specified affairs refering P s personal public assistance, and P s belongings and personal businesss or specified affairs refering P s belongings and personal businesss, and which includes authorization to do such determinations in fortunes where P no longer has capacity. ( Brown A ; Barber 2008:41 ) . The societal worker will besides measure safety and hazard. Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2008:44 ) argue as dementedness progresses the hazard of ego disregard, development and roving may find a individual s ability to populate entirely, while hazards posed to other from driving and abuse of gas contraptions may do great concern still . In this state of affairs the degree of this would be excessively high for that individual to go on to populate within their place environment due to wellness and safety grounds. This may ensue in the usage of the Mental Health Act 1983 for the intent of lasting residential adjustment or 24 hr attention by household members or carers. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Section 2 refers to the diagnostic trial which is narrowed down to the functional trial in order to place the smallest country of decision-making to use for the incapacity trial. Further in the Act, Section 3 provides the trial which should be used to find a individual s mental capacity on a peculiar determination e.g. refusal of medicine. The Section 3 trial is to set up whether a individual is able to understand information relevant to the determination and if they are able to retain to information. The individual is besides tested of their abilities to utilize or burden that information as portion of the procedure of doing the determination or if they can pass on efficaciously sing the determination ( by speaking, utilizing gestural linguistic communication, or any other manner ) Brown A ; Barber ( 2008 ) . Harmonizing to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, anyone involved in the attention or support of a individual could hold a say in the capacity appraisal, which would normally include, household members, wellness and societal attention workers, but most significantly physicians, head-shrinker and psychologists appraisals would be important. Typically the people who are responsible to transport out capacity appraisals are nurse practicians, societal workers, physicians and neuropsychologists ( Halton Council 2008 ) . There five cardinal rules of the mental capacity act 2005 have to be considered if a professional is to make an appraisal with a individual diagnosed with dementedness. It is of import that the societal worker begins with the premise that the individual has capacity. It is besides of import for the societal worker to understand a individual s visual aspect or diagnosing is non a mark of a deficiency of capacity, hence foregrounding the demand to document accurate information for sing that a individual may non hold capacity in relation to a specific determination. The societal worker has to see mental capacity issues throughout the appraisal as they would put on the line and safeguarding issues, observing the particular countries which raise concern. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice provinces: Where appraisals of capacity relate to daily determinations and caring actions, no formal appraisal processs or recorded certification will be required . ( Davies 2008:8 ) The Mental Capacity Act 2005, Code of Practice, gives counsel on when there is a demand for a clearly documented appraisal. This is where a determination which needs to be made has major effects, such as a determination to alter adjustment or a determination to accept or worsen support at place. Another ground for a clearly documented appraisal may be if there is a dispute with the individual, their household or the attention squad, as to the capacity of the person . The individual who may necessitate the appraisal may be capable to dispute hence necessitating an appraisal for capacity or there may be legal effects of happening capacity . ( Davies 2008:9 ) One chief ground for a individual to hold an appraisal for capacity is to cut down the hazard the individual poses to themselves in footings of preventable agony or harm ( Davies 2008 ) . Not all of these fortunes are exact and require professional opinion and on-going supervising. Davies ( 2008 ) explains in some fortunes the ca pacity for an person may be related to a specific determination at a specific point in clip therefore, the demand for an ongoing appraisal for capacity may be required. Brown and Barber ( 2008 ) discourse the construct best involvements in respects to the Mental Capacity Act 2005. The Act 2005 states that one important rule is that if a determination is made for or, on the behalf of person else who lacks capacity must be done, or made in that individual s best involvement . This rule applies to anyone who is transporting out the duty for doing the determination such as a household member, paid worker or carer, an lawyer, a court-appointed deputy or wellness professionals. Brown and Barber ( 2008 ) assert the demand for people who have the duty for doing other peoples determinations, being familiar with the Act s new demands for the checklist attack. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 new checklist attack is set out to incorporate common factors which should be measured on every juncture a determination is to be made. The Law Commission ( 1995, para 3.28 ) First, a checklist must non unduly burden any decision-maker or promote unneeded intercession ; secondly it must non be applied excessively stiffly and should go forth room for all considerations relevant to the peculiar instance ; thirdly, it should be confined to major points, so that it can accommodate to altering positions and attitudes. A individual who has the duty to do determinations on the behalf of person who lacks capacity should see the undermentioned stairss to guarantee the best involvement of that individual. These stairss are to foremost promote engagement, which is for the individual doing the determination to make their uttermost to promote and back up the individual with dementedness to take portion in doing the determination, secondly place all relevant fortunes, this is to seek include all the things the individual who lacks capacity would normally take into consideration if they were doing the determination themselves. Third, happen out the individual s positions who lacks capacity such as their yesteryear, present wants and feelings, any beliefs and values, and any other factors which the individual would normally see. An of import factor is to avoid favoritism and non do statements about a individual best involvement because of their age, visual aspect or diagnosing. It is necessary to see wheth er the individual might recover capacity, if so can the determination delay until so? Finally, the individual doing the determination should see if the determination concerns vital intervention, and should non do premises about how the individual should or should nt populate ( Falconer 2007 ) . The Mental Capacity Act 2005 besides include confer withing others an a cardinal facet of sing how a individual best involvement could be meet efficaciously. If it is appropriate to make so, discuss with other people for their sentiments about the individuals best involvement, as they may hold information about the individual wants and feelings. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 province the people that should be consulted are: anyone antecedently named by the individual as person to be consulted on either the determination in inquiry or no similar issues, anyone engaged in caring for the individual, near comparative, friends or others who take an involvement in the individual s public assistance, any lawyer, and any deputy appointed by the Court of Protection to do determinations for the individual . ( Brown and Barber 2008:34 ) If the determination is for an of import medical intervention and there is no 1 to confabulate with so an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate ( IMCA ) must be consulted. In safeguarding concerns if a individual is deemed to hold no capacity affecting a specific type of hazard and determinations, and household members are deemed inappropriate, it is indispensable that a IMCA is involved in of import safeguarding probes in supplying best involvement determinations for the person. The Independent Mental Capacity ( IMCA ) Service was a late enterprise to the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and has been available since October 2007. Section 35 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 highlights the chief intent of IMCA, which is to back up and stand for the individual concerned, to set up their wants and feelings and to supervise that the Acts rules and the checklist are being met. The Mental Capacity Act 2005, high spots that a decision-maker does more than doing a determination on person behalf who lacks capacity, but besides ensures the individuals human rights are met. The Mental Health Act 1983 has a procedure whereby they are able to confine people who are mentally broken which in specific fortunes would be an appropriate response, nevertheless the Mental Capacity Act 2005 have a different attack seeing restraint as deprivation of autonomy . When a individual is said to lack capacity it is hard for them to make up ones mind about being in a peculiar topographic point and is in consequence deprived of their autonomy, and there are several options which could be taken: scale down the degree of limitations to what would be seen as a limitation of motion instead than a want of autonomy arrange an appraisal under the Mental Health Act with a position to utilizing its powers make an application to the Court of Protection to do a personal public assistance determinations follow the new Bournewood process consider short-run or exigency usage of common jurisprudence powers . ( Brown A ; Barber 2008 p.39 ) The Bournewood Judgement involved an NHS trust to take an autistic adult male unable to talk and limited apprehension from a twenty-four hours Centre to an in-patient unit without his consent. In 2004, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the households view that detainment under the Common Law of an incapable patient utilizing the best involvement statement was improper because it was excessively arbitrary ( Marshall A ; Tibbs 2006:43 ) . If people are to be deprived of their autonomy, there must be some lawful justification and some precautions. For patients with mental unwellness, usage of mental wellness statute law should be considered if the patients run into the statutory demands. The Bournwood Judgment marked a important measure forwards in the acknowledgment of the rights of unqualified persons ( British Medical Association 2009:87 ) . It besides enforced to the authorization and rights of older people with impaired capacity. The 4th component of person-centred attention is turn outing a supportive societal environment, recognizing that all human life is grounded in relationships and that people with dementedness need an enriched societal environment which both compensates for their damage and Fosters chances for personal growing ( Brooker 2007:83 ) . This is position of sing the societal environment of a individual with dementedness is supported by the societal theoretical account as it is based upon a individual environment and societal circumstance, sing dementedness as an impairment which consequences in a individual going unable to work as a normal individual. This is a positive mentality on dementedness as it can follow a rehabilitation attack leting opportunity for alteration and doing the experience of dementedness a better one, whereas, on the other manus the medical theoretical account which argues otherwise which is frequently a pessimistic position. Marshall A ; Tibbs ( 2006 ) book expands the constructs of rehabilitation to include teamwork, working with households, prosthetic devices, taking causes of extra disablement, larning motive and concentrating on what the chief job is which needs to be addressed. Whilst working with older people societal workers must retrieve to work in an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive mode at all phases, such as, an appraisal, planning and intercession. The person-centred model enables a societal worker who works aboard people diagnosed with dementedness to understand at that place medical conditions and to supply a bundle of attention at a deeper degree and to supply them with many chances in taking a valued and carry throughing life. These criterions are underpinned by values and moralss that must back up the development and bringing of pattern. These include a societal worker showing regard for an single, keeping trust and keeping confidentiality. Other values consist of apprehension and doing usage of schemes to dispute favoritism, disadvantage and other signifiers of inequality and unfairness ( Crawford A ; Walker 2009 ) . Butler A ; Lewis ( 1973 p.30 ) argue: Ageism can be seen as a procedure of systematic stereotyping of and favoritism against people because they are old, merely as racism and sexism accomplish this for skin coloring material and gender . Crawford A ; Walker ( 2009 ) argue that working with in older people may include people who are vulnerable, who may be oppressed and disadvantaged nevertheless, each individual is single and have their procedure of acquiring older ( Crawford A ; Walker, 2009:34 ) therefore it is of import to handle each individual separately. Whilst working with older people it is indispensable to see a whole scope of issues such as showing consciousness of the legal, policy, and political context of the work being completed, combined with an in-depth apprehension of the experiences of that older individual in their specific state of affairs. The societal worker must be attentive to potentially opprobrious state of affairss, whilst at the same clip working in a multidisciplinary mode with other relevant professionals and administrations. Social workers must work towards developing a holistic attack to help their pattern in working with older people as it allows them to take into history the indivi duals state of affairs in society and the values and moralss of societal work. Overall the chief rule to measure a individual diagnosed with dementedness is to retrieve to presume the individual has capacity if proved otherwise. Once an appraisal is completed and the appropriate professionals are consulted and it is deemed that the individual is deemed to miss capacity so it is critical to work towards the individual best involvement guaranting them of their human rights. This is done by utilizing the checklist attack guaranting all the factors are covered before a determination is made. The individual who has the duty for make the determination on person behalf could be a professional, household relation, Power of Attorney or an Independent Mental Capacity Advocate. All these issues must be considered whilst working with person who lacks capacity. It is important when measuring and finding a individual s mental capacity to take into consideration all facets of the individual s life, wellness and of import determinations that require to be made. It is besides i ndispensable that the societal worker has to take into consideration that a mental capacity is based on a specific facet of a individuals capacity for illustration managing fundss, lodging etc. Word Count: 4,740

How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essays

How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essays How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essay How Appropriate Is the Title Spies Essay Certainly there Is a clear hierarchy of spying within the book, starting with the minor characters, such as the children In the close who also participate In paying. They spy on each other and adults and make clear assumptions on their actively. Indeed when a police man visits the close the children take It Into their own hands to speculate the reason for his visit that peeping Tom was hanging around again last night, the fact that its children spying makes it seem mischievous and less Similarly, the game of spying is usually associated as a game that young serious. Sys would play: Frayne shows that is not always the case. Barbara Berries is presented as a typical young girl pulling girlish faces and making girlish gestures. Frayne repeatedly showed her as giggling and described her leather bag as having a girlishly quality to it, but Barbara was also involved in the interfering act of spying l always know if youre hiding in here. Frayne adds a new dimension to the theme of spying sh owing that everyone is guilty of it. Its not just children in the novel who are involved in the act of spying the adults are also seen as types of spies. Keith and Stephen both believed Kiths parents were some sort of spies Keith states that his father was involved with the secret service ND they both believed Mrs. Hayward was a German spy. Although we know at the end of the novel that Kiths mother was not in fact a German spy and we do not truly know If Kiths father was actually involved in the secret service, this assumption of the two characters relates them to the theme and title of the novel. Thought the novel Stephen talks highly of Kiths family but mentions little of his own. He finds his own family boring doing a Job, too dull to describe Stephen finds his family, too ordinary. The little we do know about his father Is that he was Like omen mild natured furry animal In the last chapter of the novel we discover that Stephens perceptions of his family were entirely wrong actually there were two German spies In the close. We uncover that Stephens father was from Germany and was working for the British military Intelligence. The title of the novel Is plural which Is appropriate as all characters participate In the aspect of spying In terms of context the title Is hugely relevant. The lives of the children are set In world war two. During those times children were surrounded by propaganda of the war and knew of he war effort. Children probably knew that their country was fighting an enemy but didnt truly know the whole facts of the situation similarly to when the children in the close knew there were neighbors living in the street that were different to the rest AT ten monologues. I en CNN learn Dealer ten strange residents were Juice we as readers know that they mean Jews. In the end of the novel we find out the true facts which were that they were actually Greeks. During the war the children were likely to know that something dangerous was going on and my have felt unsafe in their roundings this may have led to the reason why many of the children in the novel feel the need to spy. They may feel that that they can not trust any one not even their own parents as they could be the enemy. The term spy can be seen in two ways, an important person on a secret mission or a deceitful person who is disloyal. There are many examples of deceitfulness throughout the novel. Stephen appears to be Kiths best friend and sticks by him even though no one else likes him everyone except you really hates him but his loyalty seems to fade towards the end of the evolve. When the children in the close harass Keith on the appearance of the policeman, Stephen knows he should speak up and explain the situation but chooses not to, Vive ceased to be his friend; Vive become one of the mob. Stephen knows he is Kiths only friend and decides not to help him in his time of need. Mrs. Hayward is presented by Stephen as almost angelic grace and serenity but she is not what she seems. Her calmness and tranquility is false, behind her perfect exterior hides a life of violence and torture from her controlling husband. Although she is portrayed as Ewing very feminine and elegant, Stephen describes her as having grace and composure, Mrs. Hayward has an immense amount of self control. When she sees Mr. Hayward holding the basket she shows no reaction of panic Oh thank you she says calmly. Knowing what may lay a head of her, will be a terrifying ordeal from her husband Mrs. Hayward reacts very courageous, far from the simple, polished house wife Stephen portrayed her to be. Although Keith and Stephens allegations of Mrs. Hayward being a German spy were a bit far fetched, Stephen and Keith were right n the fact that she was up to something secretive. Mrs. Hayward was clandestinely visiting Uncle Peter in the barns behind her husbands back. She then stops the visits when Mr. Hayward finds out, she not only deceives her husband by these surreptitious visits, she also betrays Uncle Peter by turning her back on him and not visiting. The title can be seen in many ways. It can be seen as summing up the theme of the book which the title of spies succeeded in very well. Stating the main theme at the beginning of the book encourages the reader to focus on it. If the title of spies was named after another theme such as childhood the reader would focus more on the childhood elements of the book and may miss out essential bits. To conclude I believe spies is an appropriate title for this novel as it sums up the book in one simple word. It describes the characters and theme, and it adds mystery right from the very beginning. The word spies implies someone uncovering something secretive which grabs the readers attention before they have even read it! The story its self is a simple one so a short, simple title fits in well.

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Demand - Managerial Economics - Essay Example The vertical axis lists the price per unit or per lot of the product. The demand curve in a model shows the firms theoretical sales level at various prices along the line. The downward curve is explained by the fact that as price falls there is a corresponding increase in the sales volume. The downward slope means that the elasticity coefficient drawn from the line is a negative number. However, economists have done away with the negative sign of that elasticity and have expressed it as an absolute number. Another point to remember is that the straight-line demand curve does not have a uniform elasticity of 1 (also termed unit elasticity) at all points of the line; rather, the curve is elastic above the mid-point and inelastic below that midpoint. Fig. 1 The demand curve in green shows a straight line with varying elasticities at different points (D2), while internal curved line in red shows a demand curve with uniform price elasticity of 1 (D1). companys pricing policies. The firm would use the demand curve in discussing the consequences of alternative output and pricing policies on the revenue targets over a certain future period. Since revenue is simply the product of price and output (see Fig. 1), management would explore the various price and output alternatives en route to decision making by its marketing and production departments Price elasticity (Ep) of demand is the ratio of the percentage change in quantity and the percentage change in a goods price, all other things remaining unchanged. Algebraically, this is expressed in the following simple equation: where P and Q are the price and quantity, respectively. This formula assumes point elasticity for the sake of simplicity, although an arc price elasticity, which uses average figures for each variable, may also be used. For this paper, the use of point elasticity would enable sufficient understanding of the elasticity

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Sterling college scholarship opportunity - Essay Example   However, apart from helping me in my Christianity life, I believe Sterling College is the ideal place that can pursue my career from. I would like to study biology in this college and specialize in medicine as a cancer doctor specifically for children, which is my dream career. Since my childhood, I have always inspired to become a doctor so that I can help to relieve people pain, and even save the lives of those who die as a result of lack of medical services. During my holidays, one of the things I like ding most is visiting the less fortunate specifically the sick and aged. During such times, when I visit the sick in hospitals I always meet children who are diagnosed with cancer. Though being with them give me the joy of knowing that am showing passion to others I still feel I have a duty to do more than that. As such I believe that pursuing a career in medicine will place me in a better place to help such children and others and most importantly help me to achieve my dream.St erling college is the only institution with the adequate resources and a conducive environment for me to pursue this career. Additionally, in line with its mission, â€Å" to develop creative and thoughtful leaders who understand a maturing Christian faith†( internationalstudent.com) , Sterling college will not only help me to became a professional but also a Christian professional who can do my job not necessarily for the purpose of earning a living but most importantly do it for the glory of the God.

Leadership Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Leadership Theory - Essay Example According to the literature on leadership, it is necessary for every person to work out his/her personal strategy of leadership skills development and try to live and act in compliance with them. There are a lot of theories created in order to explain the peculiarities of each leadership style. If a person is acquainted with such styles, he or she can easily find the most appropriate for him/her. The knowledge of styles can help achieve the desired goals. The given paper will provide the overview of leadership and describe the theories as well as their pluses and minuses. Also the situations, where a person can use that or this theory in the best way will be described. â€Å"Leadership is diving for a loose ball, getting the crowd involved, getting other players involved. It's being able to take it as well as dish it out. That's the only way you're going to get respect from the players (Bird cited in Groves, 2006). Despite the fact that the qualification of manager is very popular i n the modern world, the demand for good managers is still growing. â€Å"Management is efficiency in climbing the ladder of success; leadership determines whether the ladder is leaning against the right wall† (Covey cited in Groves 2006). The fast development of business demands real professionals in the field of management. The organizations with the structure that prescribes self-management are very typical nowadays. Moreover, with the fast development of computers and informational technologies any kind of information becomes accessible for people within a shorter period of time. Nevertheless, no one can underestimate the importance of good managers, people that can not only organize the work, but organize it in stressful situations, which are so common for the modern business world. The question is how to become a good manager. Many scientists claim that success in any major can be reached not due to the talent, but due to the hard work. In order to become a good manager, one has to be acquainted with the main features that a future leader has to acquire. A good manager should know about his/her capabilities. A leader should always have many ideas: â€Å"If you have ideas, you have the main asset you need, and there isn't any limit to what you can do with your business and your life. Ideas are any man's greatest asset† (Firestone cited in Rok 2009). It is necessary to improve the leadership skills and be self-assured. It is important to be sociable, but at the same time it is essential to remember that the sociability should stay somewhere between the extremes. If you cannot find common language with people or they irritate you, you can’t be a leader. It is also important to understand that your success strongly depends on the faith of your subordinates. In the modern business world the main task of a good manager is not just to control others, but rather to inform the team about the plans and goals and supervise the implementation pro cess. A good manager should possess good leadership skills and know how to apply them. The team should feel the presence of their manager even if the manager is absent. It is not easy to be a leader. According to Bushnell â€Å"Everyone who's ever taken a shower has an idea. It's the person who gets out of the shower, dries off and does something about it who makes a difference† (Bushnell cite din Graetz, 2000) The leader should be neither too

The Current Firewall Technology Computer Science Essay

The Current Firewall Technology Computer Science Essay Currently firewall technology as a specialized engineering solution rather than a scientifically based solution. Currently firewall is classified in to three category packet filtering, proxy server, and stateful firewall. This paper is main focus on the various type of firewall available and their pros and cons. Originally computer network was design for data communication to share the resources. The sharing of resources was bounded between universities. Eventually businesses, corporations, government agencies were begun to use internet. So network become vital part of their institution. Computer networking, however, is not without risks as Howard illustrates in his analysis of over 4000 security incidents on the Internet between 1989 and 1995 [1]. A neutral approach to network protection draws from several other fields, such as physical security, personnel security, operations security, communication security, and social mechanisms. [2] According to definition firewall is a set of mechanisms that can enforce a network domain security policy on communication traffic entering or leaving a network policy domain [3]. In simple word firewall is guard point which gives control point of entry or exit from computer or network. It is a first line of defence and it is also a contact point of the netw ork. It is very important to choose and design firewall to guard inside network from outside attack. Case Study Figure 1: ABC.Ltd network [6] Above figure shows our case study network . Consider a case where company ABC.Ltd want to implement a firewall for their campus design. Company whole network is divided in to three parts, inside network, Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and outside network. Inside network has ip address 10.1.1.0/24. DMZ is further divided in to two sub section; one is protected DMZ which has ip address 192.168.11.0/24 and dirty DMZ which is dump host whose ip address is 192.168.1.0/24. Dump host is a computer which got nothing important in it. These dump hosts are act as a honey pot which is use to lure attacker so that network security designer know different type of attack and help them to design security policy. DMZ is a zone where company put their services like web services, FTP services etc. Company has remote office which uses secure VPN to connect to the main campus network. There are different type of firewall technology which are packet filtering, proxy server and stateful firewall, Network Address Translation (NAT),Software firewall. Each firewall has their advantages and disadvantages. Rest portion of this paper is describe pro and cons of different firewall. Packet Filtering This is one of the simple types of firewall. This firewall is work on OSI layer 3 and 4.It filter packet by looking at IP address, TCP/UDP port number. It compare the incoming packet against pre define rule configure in to the router. After comparing router make decision to allow or deny the packet [4]. An access list is used to create rule to make decision. Figure shows the working of the packet filtering firewall. Figure 2: Packet Filtering in Router [4] Pros The simplest of the firewall technologies to configure. Only required access list to configure the firewall. Packet filtering capabilities are easily available in many hardware and software routing products, both commercially and they are freely available over the Internet. It is less processor intensive. Adding a filtering rule to a router produces little or no additional performance overhead. It is use for all type of application because it operates at the OSI layer 3 (Network) and layer 4 (Transport) layer. Only one router is required to protect entire network. Cons The packet filter has no intelligent to identify the authenticity of source. A well trained intruder can spoof inside IP address and can fool the firewall as the packet is from inside network. Since filtering rule is configuring manually it add administrative workload. Adding complex rule to the firewall decrease the router performance. In some cases, the filtering is incompatible with certain caching Strategies commonly used for performance enhancement. Some policies cannot readily be enforced by normal packet filtering routers. Example The following example shows how to build basic packet filtering firewall Consider a scenario of company whose inside network is lying in IP address range 10.1.1.0/24. Ethernet 0/1 is inside interface and Ethernet 0/0 is outside interface. To protect against IP spoofing attack following access list policy is configure Access list 100 deny ip 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 127.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 172.16.0.0 0.15.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 192.168.0.0 0.0.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip 224.0.0.0 15.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 deny ip host 255.255.255.255 any log Access list 100 permit ip any 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 Interface Ethernet 0/0 Ip access-group 100 in An access list is basic tool to configure for packet filtering. Generally all routers support this tool. Above example is configured and tested on Cisco router. There are free download is available on internet few examples are Tuneup 1.0, Truxtis, Visnetic. Packet filtering firewall is simple in configuring and freely available on internet it is good solution for small business where not much complex firewall implementation is required. In our case study implementation of packet filtering is not a wise solution. A simple reason is it is very cumbersome. Example shows that just to stop ip spoofing we need to configure eight commands. Sometime it is difficult to troubleshoot and manage for network administrator. Application Layer Firewall Application Layer Firewall is also known as a proxy server. According to dictionary meaning of proxy is A person authorized to act for another; an agent or substitute. Same definition is valid for proxy server in network security. Proxy server is a software package install on device and act behalf of protected network which allows or denies access across network [5, 7]. Figure 3: Proxy Server [4] Above figure shows the working of proxy server. Proxy server works at layer 7 of Open System Interconnection (OSI) system model [4]. It intercepts and established the connection behalf of internal host to the outside network. As shown in figure when inside network is trying to connect outside network, application layer firewall which is install on router is intercept the secession and check the request is valid or not. If it is not valid request it discard the packet and if it is a valid request it repackage the request and send it to outside network as the packet is send by itself. When outside network response the request proxy server repackaged the response and sends it back to the original inside network. In some case proxy server block all connection from outside network and allowed only inside network to go outside. The only traffic is allowed from outside is the response from outside network to inside network. In some case both inbound and outbound traffic is allowed but under strict observation [4, 5, 7]. Example A good example, and the one we probably see the most, is a web proxy. When configured to use a proxy, your web browser contacts the proxy server for each web access instead of going directly to the target server on the internet. The proxy server then turns around and makes the real request of the web server. The proxy server gets the response, and then passes it back to you. Another example is proxy server is Tibia proxy which is game proxy server. Tibia is a popular multiplayer online computer game hosted on Internet servers. To play Tibia requires establishing a network connection to TCP port 7171 on the server. Depending on your network setup and your Internet Service Provider (ISP), your direct connection to the Tibia server and ability to play the game may be blocked by a network firewall or proxy server. Setting up a Tibia proxy avoids this common connection problem. A Tibia proxy is a special Internet server (separate from the game server) that does not require a port 7171 connection. Instead, the Tibia proxy server will accept requests on alternative network ports (such as port 80) that will typically not be restricted by firewalls / proxies. The Tibia proxy, in turn, makes its own direct connection to the game server (on port 7171) and translates messages between the Tibia server and your client in real time to allow game play [8]. Pros Act as an intermediary between outside network and protected network. It prevent direction connection between source and destination It is application aware firewall so that it can analyzes application inside the payload Support user level authentication It able to log the traffic and can do user level authentication Cons It is processor intensive so it is slower than packet filtering Need to configure internal client about proxy server Sometime it does not support all type of application. For example Sling Player 2.0 does not supported by proxy server. It is single point failure. Proxy server is install on device so if that device gets compromised then whole security compromised. Stateful Packet Filtering Figure 4: Stateful Firewall [4] In the mid-1990s, packet filters and proxy servers were the two technologies used to build firewall systems. As the number of applications that needed to pass through firewalls increased, proxy server vendors could not keep up with the development of new proxy servers. On the other hand, packet filtering also could not support the dynamic nature of the many modern applications. Thus, a new technology was born [4, 11]. Stateful packet filtering is a combination of packet filtering and application level gateway firewall [11]. It contains advantages of both. It is also refer as a application aware firewall. Stateful firewall not only examines IP header information but also up to application layer information for better inspection. The working of stateful firewall is as follow. When host from inside network send a packet to outside network it check authorization of the network and if it is authorized then it allow the packet outside the network and maintain state table. State table is a table which keep track of the active network connection which is TCP secession or UDP communication passing across it. This is also called as saving of state. When destination network respond to the initial request it compare the response with the information saved in state table to allow or denied the packet [11]. Example Cisco Adaptive Security Appliances in short Cisco ASA [9], Cisco PIX firewall, Check Point [10] are example of stateful firewall. Pros It work at network level and transport level but also at application layer It is not a processor intensive as proxy server Temporarily open the outside port so it reduces the possibility of attack that work against static packet filtering. Because of the state table it is faster than application layer gateway Support almost all the services. Cons It allows direct connection to inside host once the request to enter the network is granted. An attacker may exploit the vulnerability of that host and poison the network. It required skill knowledge of different type of traffic and attacks Network Address Translation This is one of the simplest methods to protect inside network. Network Address Translation (NAT) is quite similar to the packet filtering. When it configure on router it translate internal private network to outside public network. It maintain translation table so when reply come from outside to inside it send back to correct host. There are three type of NAT static NAT, dynamic NAT, port address translation (PAT) [12]. Pros It is very simple to configure It hide private network behind one public IP address Unlikely proxy server it does not requires any configuration on inside host. Cons It is difficult to troubleshoot end-to-end NAT cause problem when Virtual Private Network (VPN) is configured Like packet filter firewall it work at network and transport level of OSI model so it translate packet based on ip address Personal Firewall The personal firewall is an application which is install on computer to protect personal computer from different virus and different kind of attack [13]. It allow or deny request from computer based on configure policies. Many personal firewall like does intrusion detection. An example of this type firewall is Host Base Intrusion Prevention (HIPS) which block the communication if it finds any suspicious activity [14]. Pros Prompt user for outgoing connection Allow user to control which application is permitted to connect interne od LAN Dose auditing for all user of the computer Tell user that application is attempting to connect internet and gives information about destination server with which application want to connect It dose virus scanning automatically every day and remove them Cons It is an application running on host so it gives some load on CPU If system get affected by malware or spyware, it can modify the firewall cause security issue Recommendation By looking at different type of firewall and comparing their advantages and drawback we can conclude that stateful firewall is good solution for our scenario. The product like Cisco ASA or Check Point is ideal to guard against different type of attack. They also does intrusion detection and prevention and can virtualized these firewall which save cost of buying extra firewall.

Essay --

Has anyone ever told your child "This is what you need to be focusing on," or "This is more important than what is outside that window"? If yes is your answer to this question, your child might have with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Children who have ADD or ADHD are often more imaginative and outgoing without their prescribed medication. However, the medication does allow them to focus and decreases their tendency to be troublesome. Naturally, a permanent cure without having to take medication is what most sufferers of ADD would prefer. These children are smart, but they can be a gigantic distraction to other children. This disease has effected over seven million Americans alone and while doctors find it in few girls because the diseases mainly affect boys. Some of the children think they are immune to ADHD, but truthfully we need to obtain a cure for them. There are multiple reasons that might be the reason that people get ADHD, such as, parents having ADHD, or the possibility of brain injuries when they were a young child. Three other likely causes are exposure to a toxic substance as a child, too much lead in their blood when they were born or pre-birth are. There will, more than likely, have to be multiple cures for ADHD because there are numerous ways to get the disease. However, I am sure that American doctors are fully capable of inventing a cure that will finally stop the disease in no time. But for right now, with the current medications and treatments, we can merely temporarily stop the symptoms. There are rumors of a neurological cure which could be an everlasting cure for most cases of ADD and ADHD. This means that children with ADHD are failing and being disrup... ...de-effects that come with the disease include difficulty focusing, especially an adult who has ADD to organize tasks, finish work within a time limit, and remember information and that makes it perplexing to find a job. Ultimately ADD and ADHD are both diseases that will make focusing harder for anybody who has either of them. ADHD could, although not likely, ruin the USA and possibly the world. People need to figure out a cure for ADD and ADHD, and soon, because it affects myriad people across America, and is causing a ton of problems. Children are having an exhausting time focusing in classrooms and adults who have ADD straining themselvs to driving. Who knows, maybe the future cure will help them pay attention and allow them to keep their creativity. So in conclusion we talked about how children get ADD or ADHD, how it affects children, and how it affects adults.

Issues †politics Essay

Boeing is one of the world’s best known manufactures of aircrafts and so is Northrop Grumman who are the manufacturers of the airbus (Online News Hour, 2008). These are two top brands who are obviously competing in other areas of business and therefore any decision that involve them is bound to raise considerable heat. It should b noted that both are American companies though Northrop Grumman is partly owned by a French company. The nature of the contract which involves the security of America as a nation is a matter of national concern as it involves the development of structures that could ensure the growth of security systems. Boeing and Grumman being business structures, such a big contract will obviously attract the interest of stakeholders from both sides. There are a number of key issues that have been brought out by the airforce contracts which include: Military contracts are a matter of public concern since it is in place to protect the public, the resources used in the military contracts are derived from taxpayers and therefore the failure of such projects will be a waste of taxpayers money (Meyer, 2007). When McCain questioned the cost effectiveness in leasing planes that would otherwise have no values when their lease period was over his motive as the senator of Alabama was to ensure that the taxpayers money is channeled to useful projects. Furthermore, it is quite clear that the politicians have the ability to shoot down potentially useful deals due to what Northrop Grumman executives refer to as expensive lobbying. Politics is not always objective for there are situations where the stakes involved are shielded from the public and though the politics and viewpoints will be developed to suit the public, the real reasons are often personal (Meyer, 2007). The inclusion of politics in such cases therefore has both advantages and disadvantages and should be weighed carefully. Military procurement just like any other public procurement scheme is prone to corruption, this was the case in the original contract that was brought to an end by Rumsfeld in 2006. Moreover, the big money involved in military procurement processes act as a natural catalysts for corruption, therefore there is need to come up with a robust self regulated systems that will ensure that such unethical practices are not in anyway included in the procurement process, the congress thus comes into the picture (Meyer, 2007). However, the political system is not known for its objectivity. In the cases, some of the reasons brought out against Northrop Grumman are flimsy and lack in objectivity. The fact that there will be lobbying is a clear sign that there will be loss in objectivity thus the decision will tend to favor groups that are be able to garner enough political support in the congress. Furthermore, the political system is one of the most corrupt system there is and the rationale in placing such a system to guard against corruption is questionable. i.Security Military procurement is a security critical matter (Meyer, 2007). The military is in place to ensure that the US is protected against its external enemies (Meyer, 2007). The seriousness with which the equipment tendering process is treated and the keen eye that the media watches the unfolding of such events relay the importance placed on the military by the American people. The US is traditionally a ‘fighting nation’ and the effectiveness of its military and equipments is one of the factors that has cemented its place as a world power. Military activities require high levels of secrecy (Meyer, 2007). There is need to come up with effective equipments that can be used in varied situations. It should be noted that the arguments brought forward by the executives from both sides are centered around the superiority of their products or the weaknesses of their opposite. The need for accuracy and well developed products that have the required reputation are some of the considerations that led to the two big companies making it to the final stage. The two companies are multinationals that have developed their brands all over the globe. It is noteworthy that when the US defense secretary cancels Boeing’s leases other nations still seek their products and are continues seeking the products that have been labeled cost ineffective due to the reputation associated with their brand name. The importance of the security system is seen in the number of avenues and legislative systems that have been put in place to ensure that the process is done in a just manner (Krishnan, 2008). When the airforce declares that Northrop Grumman had won the bid for the airforce tankers, Boeing seeks redress through a different avenue: Public accountability office. The office looks at their complaints and decides to freeze the process. It should be noted that it was the same office that had early in the decades frozen a billion dollar Boeing contract due to corruption charges. Even though there are systems put in place to ensure proper procedures in procurement of services and services, they can be outdone easily (Krishnan, 2008). The corruption allegations made in the initial Boeing contracts are a clear case where the protocols were overridden and it only came to realization a couple of months after the contracts had been signed. Furthermore, the fact that is was later found out that a different design could meet the specifications made by the airforce with reduced costs clearly show that even though the guidelines are put in place they are rarely followed thus the need for a system or authority that will follow up on the recommendations and processes to ensure that they conform to the laid out guidelines. Some politicians have argued that the French affiliation of the airbus manufacturer is in itself a security risk and therefore a purely American company should be contracted. However, such a contracting systems will obviously lock out other capable companies and therefore bring about questions on the integrity of the bidding process. America has prided itself as being a liberalized nation, putting up measures that will lock out other qualified members on the basis of the compositions of its investors is contrary to the spirit of liberalization. Furthermore, being involved with a company that has partnered with a success story in Europe shields the tanker project from American economic downtimes though it effectively ensures that the project is affected by the happening in Europe. It is unrealistic to lobby for Boeing on the basis of confidentiality; a company that has already shown traces of corruption cannot be trusted and neither can a company that is yet to prove its worth in the military sector. Therefore, system should be put in place to ensure that the projects are monitored and compared to some given standards if either is to be awarded the contract. ii. Stability The US is the father of capitalism and is therefore a country that is characterized by intense competition between industry players who will always be on the look for additional finances that will ensure their development into the future (Verkuil, 2007). On the day it was reported that Northrop Grumman had won the military contracts its share prices rose by over 20 cents and Boeing’s shares fell by a couple of cents (CBS News, 2008). Note, the development in the contract procurement were being watched by investors who will then make their decisions on which company to invest in. Even though the large money involved in the transactions may be enough to lure investors into channeling their resources to a particular company, the reputation involved in being a company contracted with one of the world’s best airforce to develop its aircraft tankers is enough to cause significant changes in the company’s share index. Being a capitalistic economy where entities gain at the expense of others, Boeing is bound to feel the pinch. The situation is made worse by the consideration that Boeing has a well developed reputation and therefore failure to win a contract from a partner that it has associated with for a long time may be taken by the investors and its consumers in the wrong light. It may imply that the partner does not trust its capacity to develop superiors products or has doubts on its potential to remain productive. To bring the idea of reputation into perspective, many are of the notion that the corruptions charges brought against Boeing may have affected its chances of successfully bidding for the contract (Verkuil, 2007). This holds considerable weight in that the military is not all about facilities but also reputation. The American people and its enemies will always keep a keen eye on the military and any transactions conducted with a partner who is proved to be corrupt will dent on its integrity thus its reputation. Conclusion Awarding a contract to a company to deliver services that are of public interest is a complex process and will always involve the media and many other systems that have been put in place to ensure the safety of the public. Individual good and interest will always be central in the arguments brought forward by most people, this is more pronounced if the contract will significantly affect many people. It is therefore upon the government and the social systems to ensure that the systems put in place to ensure effectiveness of the bidding process are functioning properly and are robust enough to deal with the dynamism associated with such processes. If need be, changes must be instituted to ensure that the system are functioning. The products delivered must measure up to some predetermined standards to ensure quality and accountability. These measures and other quality management measures if well integrated into the bidding and implementation of contracts that are of public interest will ensure that the public benefits in the best possible way. Word Count: 3271 ,Reference List CBS News (2008). Boeing Spurned On Huge Air Force Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from Krishnan, A. (2008). War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. Meyer, J. (2007). Working in a War Zone: Military Contractors. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group. Online News Hour (2008). Boeing, Northrop Grumman Clash Over Tanker Contract. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from United States Government Accountability Office (2008). Statement Regarding the Bid Protest Decision Resolving the Aerial Refueling Tanker Protest by The Boeing Company. Retrieved 13 October 2008 from Verkuil, R. (2007). Outsourcing Sovereignty: Why Privatization of Government Functions Threatens Democracy and what We Can Do about it. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Word Choice Lay vs. Lie - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog

Word Choice Lay vs. Lie - Proofread My Papers Academic Blog Word Choice: Lay vs. Lie Are there any two words more commonly confused than â€Å"lay† and â€Å"lie†? It’s hard to think of many others where mistakes are so easy to understand, since â€Å"lay† and â€Å"lie† are distinct terms with different meanings, yet the simple past tense of â€Å"lie† is also â€Å"lay.† Confused yet? We dont blame you. Nevertheless, by the end of this blog post, using our proofreading experience, we fully intend to have explained the difference between â€Å"lay† and â€Å"lie† in clear and simple terms. Wish us luck. Lie (Recline) The sense of â€Å"lie† that causes most confusion is its use as a verb meaning â€Å"to recline or be in a horizontal position†: Trying to understand this word is tiring, so I will lie down on the couch. This is why we had a fainting couch installed. An important factor is that â€Å"lie† is an intransitive verb, so never takes an object. This particular use of â€Å"lie† is an irregular verb, moreover, so the simple past tense is â€Å"lay†: I felt refreshed immediately after I lay down. Meanwhile, the past participle (used in the present and past perfect tenses) of â€Å"lie† is â€Å"lain†: The couch was so soft, I could have lain there forever. Lay (Put Down) As a present tense verb in its own right, â€Å"lay† means â€Å"to put something down or place it horizontally†: Joan lay down her sword; she could take on this chump barehanded. Dont mess with Joan. The simple past tense and past participle of â€Å"lay† are both â€Å"laid†: The next day, Joan laid out a map and planned her next campaign. The examples above also demonstrate how â€Å"lay† always takes an object (i.e., the subject is always putting something else down). Another Type of Lie (Speak an Untruth) It’s worth noting that â€Å"lie† has another common definition, meaning â€Å"to say something untrue†: He couldn’t let her know the truth, so he lied and blamed the zookeeper. As you can see above, the past tense of â€Å"lie† is â€Å"lied.† As well as a verb, â€Å"lie† can be used as a noun meaning â€Å"an untruth.† Lie or Lay? The key thing is to remember that â€Å"lie† does not take an object, whereas â€Å"lay† always does. If the subject of your sentence is reclining or horizontal, the correct term is â€Å"lie†: e.g., â€Å"The wrecked ship lies on the seabed.† This becomes â€Å"lay† in the simple past tense or â€Å"lain† as a past participle. However, if the subject of your sentence is putting something else down, the correct term will be â€Å"lay†: e.g., â€Å"The new policies require laying many miles of pipeline.† The past tense is always â€Å"laid.† Variations of â€Å"lie,† â€Å"lay† and â€Å"lie† (the other kind) can be found in the table below. Present Tense Lie (Recline) Lay (Put Down) Lie (Speak an Untruth) Past Simple Lay Laid Lied Past Participle Lain Laid Lied

On My First Sonne Essays

On My First Sonne Essays On My First Sonne Essay On My First Sonne Essay In the poems On My First Sonne, The Affliction of Margaret, Catrin and Follower, the parents are presented differently and yet all similar in some ways. In On My First Sonne, the poet -or the parent- conveys his love in an unusual way. He sees the sine of loving his son too much as the cause of his sons death, and as a punishment, he has to repay him back to God because to Jonson, his son is only a loan. To a modern audience, it may seem a little harsh. However, it would be the norm in the 1600s, when the society was deeply religious and losing a child was a common thing. Despite this, the poet considers his son his right hand and his best piece of poetrie, both of which are metaphors of his son. This shows us that his son was of a great worth, and Jonson has simply learnt that why will man lament the state he should envie? Comparatively, the mother in The Affliction of Margaret conveys her love through anxiety and the desperate hope for her son to return. The mother does not care if her son is humbled, poor or hopeless of honour; after seven years without contact, she just wants him home. Her anxiety can be shown in the first half of the poem, where she is irrational with her thoughts. There are wild speculations of where her son might be, ranging from a dungeon to a desert. This wild imagination of the mothers is further empathised by the alliteration of maimed, mangled. Furthermore, out of the 11 7-line stanzas, 6 contained words ending with an exclamation mark, for example Alas! and Neglect me! This gives the readers an impression that the mother is on edge and almost in paranoia much in contrast with the fathers calm and almost joyous reaction in On My First Sonne. In Catrin, this time we see a mother in conflict with her daughter. In the first stanza, the poet is writing from memory and the repetition of I can remember you suggest that it is a very strong memory. The poet was already at a fierce confrontation with her daughter even before she was born, which is a presetting for their conflict later on. Tight red rope, wild and shouted creates a striking image of conflict and chaos, although through tender, we can also see the affection of the mother for her daughter. The tight red rope is a metaphor for the umbilical cord which ties mother and daughter together. This metaphor is repeated in the second stanza as that old rope, suggesting that although they are separated physically after birth, there is still an invisible bond that ties them together. The clear gap between the two stanzas shows this separation, and it also indicates the past from the present. Although they are at conflict with each other, the mother is torn between love and host ility. She conveys love in the same way as the mother in The Affliction of Margaret through worry, as her daughter asks to skate in the dark for one more hour. Similarly, the father in Follower also shares a complicated relationship with his son, although not necessarily conflict. At the start of the poem, his shoulders globed like a full sail strung and an expert shows the Heaneys clear respect and admiration of his father, which caused him to follow his father both literally and metaphorically. Heaney uses technical terms such as wing, sock and head rig, which suggested that he did, or wanted to, follow his father in terms of family tradition. However, now his father is the one who keeps stumbling behind him, being the nuisance that he once was. Through the tone of the last stanza of the poem, it suggests vaguely that Heaney feels some resentment and a little pity for his father, and also some guilt at not being able to live up to his fathers example. This is perhaps similar to what the mother speculates in The Affliction of Margaret about the thoughts of her son. Effectively, their roles are now reversed. One thing that is common with The Affliction of Margaret and Follower is the formality of the tone of which the parent writes about their child. This can be shown through the way which the poems are similarly structured: both poems have a set number of lines within each stanza, and each line mostly ends with punctuation. When structure this way, the poem gives off a very rigid and organised feel, which in turn sounds formal. On My First Sonne and Catrin, however, is similar to the previous two in terms of the overall tone of the poem, but different in structure. On My First Sonne is written like an inscription on a tombstone, shown by here doth lye. Catrin is different because its irregular line endings and stanzas is also a symbol of conflict between parent and child, which the other three poems structure does not symbolise. However different the parents in all four poems may be, they all love their children, and are saddened when the children no longer has dependency on the parents.

Novel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Novel - Essay Example However, some ideas of afterlife are based on the notion of rebirth. Other ideas believe in the existence of an afterlife where dead people reside in a supernatural environment determined by gods or other supernatural beings based on the activities and beliefs of the dead while they were still alive. With reference to the already existing afterlife, this paper aims at presenting a creativity based new afterlife idea. It is a common notion that afterlife always comes in the form of a punishment or reward for the things that people do during their lifetime. This afterlife idea is based on the things that people do during the time when they still live (Sebold 89). The things that people do when they are alive are always a matter of choices. Some people choose to do good while other chooses to do evil or bad. It will seem unfair for those people who choose to do bad things to be treated in the same way that those who always did good are treated. If in any case life would completely end at death, then the two types of human beings would be absolutely the same (Coward and Coward 101). However, this idea of afterlife seeks to reward those people who did good during their lifetime while making sure that those who did wrong would always be denied the benefits that those who do good get. This idea of an afterlife has its basis on social classes and rebirth. Social class is a very influential thing in human life. Therefore, being in a higher social class will definitely make the life of the individual seem better (Zevin 90). On the other hand, when someone’s social class is lowered they will definitely live a lifestyle that is less comfortable when compared with the type of lifestyle that they used to live before. Social class in the idea is used to either reward good deeds during lifetime or punish bad ones during the same period. Social class refers to the hierarchical and the categorical classification of human beings in the society. The most

Are there any objective values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Are there any objective values - Essay Example They are reflected in the form of theories and moral rules. Many philosophers including atheists reject the possibility of creating ethical system basing on the physical forces and natural processes. They state that ethical rules and principles appeared naturally from the practical needs of people: marriage, wars, conflicts, etc. In the early stage of its evolution ethics represented the area of practical reasons, and only long-time experience led to the formation of theoretical ethics. However, the principles, which were formed in the process of social experience, were not set as unchanged like the God’s commandments. Consequently, they could be transformed, forgotten or changed for the new principles, which reflect the constantly collected by the human experience in the spheres of science, technology and psychology (Kelly, 2006). The conclusion can be made that the values can be objective. Ethical values are not merely culturally contingent, but acquired during the process of acquiring experience, thus they are totally